13. AMBLYsSTOMA. 43 taking place considerably inside the line of the choane; median series notched behind ; the teeth themselves are in numerous rows on each of their bony crests, presenting a brush-like arrangement. Tongue large, plice radiating from behind. Head broad and obtuse, entering the length to the groin 3% times. Body stout and heavy. Limbs stout ; the adpressed limbs overlap by the length of the toes ; fingers and toes not elongate, depressed ; two well-marked plantar tubercles. Tail much compressed, a little shorter than head and ‘body. Skin smooth ; folds of throat and side of head not strongly marked; eleven costal grooves. Colour above olive-brown, below yellowish, olive-shaded in the middle; the inferior yellow rises on the sides as short blotches ; above them are several ill-defined yellowish spots; parotoid region yellow, with a distinct black vertical bar ; limbs brown cross-banded; tail yellow with brown spots. Total length 5 inches 10 lines.
New Jersey.
6. Amblystoma tigrinum.
Heterotriton ingens, Gray, Cat. p. 33.
Xiphonura jeffersoniana, zd. ibid. p. 34.
Ambystoma tigrinum, id. ibid. p. 35.
Ambystoma mavortium, zd. ibid. p. 37.
Salamandra tigrina, Green, Journ. Ac. Philad. v. p. 116. —— ingens, Green, 1. c. vi. p. 254.
lurida, Baird, Amer. Journ. xxxvi. p. 822.
Triton tigrinus, Holbr. N. Amer. Herp. v. p. 79, pl. 26; Dekay, N. Y. Faun. p. 83, pl. 15. f. 32. :
—— ingens, Holbr. J. ¢. p. 85, pl. 29.
Ambystoma tigrina, Baird, Journ. Ac. Philad, (2) i. p. 284; Dum. & Bir. p. 108; Hallow. Journ, Ac. Philad. (2) iti. p. 350. —— lurida, Baird, l.c.; Hallow. 1. ¢. M 353.
— mavortia, Baird, I. c. pp. 284, 292 ; Hallow, lc. p. 352. —— episcopus, Baird, 1. c. pp. 284, 293; Hallow. 1. c. p. 354. Ambyostoma californiense, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1853, p. 11, pl. 7; Hallow. i ce. p. 855; Baird, Rep. US. Expl. Surv. xiii. part iv. 1, 30. f. 1-3.
Aunbyetema fasciatum, var., Dum. § Bibr. p. 107, pl. 105. f. 1. —— nebulosum, Hallow. lc. p. 352. :
ingens, Hallow. 1. c. p. 8583; Cooper, U.S. Expl. Surv, xii. part ii. 1. 31. f. 2.
Beanery Hallow. le. p. 854; US. Mex. Bound, Surv, ii., Rept. pl. 85. f. 7-14.
— maculatum, Hallow. ic. p. 355, and Proc. Ac. Philad. 1857, .215.
Desnlottonia maculatum, Sager, Penins, Journ, Medic. 1858, p. 428. Camarataxis maculata, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1859, p. 122. Amblystoma tigrinum, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1867, p. 179; Strauch, Salam. p. 68 —— mexicanum, Cope, l.c. p. 184; Strauch, 1. c. p. 64. mavortium, Cope, l.c; Strauch, l.c.; Cope, in Yarrow’s Report, Zool. p. 631.
obscurum (Baird), Cope, 1. c. p. 192; Strauch, 1. c. —— weismanni, Wiedersh. Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxxii. p. 216, pls. 11,12.
44 SALAMANDRID..
Larva. or “AXOLOTL” STATE.
Gray, Cat. p. 49.
Daud. Rept. viii. p. 237; Cuv. in Humb. Rec. Zool. pls. 12, 14; Home, Phil. Trans. R. 8. xxi. p. 419, pls. 21, 22, 23. Gyrinus mexicanus, Shaw, Nat. Misc. 1800, p. 343. Siren pisciformis, Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 612, pl. 140. f. 12. Phyllhydrus pisciformis, Gray, Griff. A. K. ix. p. 108. Hypochton pisciformis, Gravenh, Delic. z 90.
Siredon axolotl, Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 209, and Deser. Icon. Amph. 1, 20.
Aadlotee guttatus, Owen, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1844, xiv. p. 23. Siredon mexicanus, Baird, Journ. Ac. Philad. (2) i. p. 292. lichenoides, Baird, in Stansbury, Exped. Gr. Salt Lake Utah, p. 336, pl. 1, and Rep. U.S. Hupl. Surv. xiii. part iv. pl. 44. f 1. — humboldtii, Dum. § Bibr. p. 177.
—— harlanii, Dum. § Bibr. p. 181, pl. 95.
dumerilii, Dugés, Ann, Sc. Nat. (5) xv. p. 2, pl. 10. —— tigrinus, Velasco, Nat. Mex, iv. pl. —.
e metamorphoses, ef. A. Dum. C, R. 1865, Ix. p. 765, and 1xi. p. 775, and Nouy. Arch. Mus. ii. 1866, p. 265; Marsh, Amer. Journ. (2) xlvi. p- 864; Tegetmeier, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870, p. 160; Cope, Amer. Journ. i. 1871, p. 80; Weismann, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxv. p. 297; Chauvin, eod. loc. xxvii. p. 522. ] Arrangement of the palatine teeth extremely variable; the series continuous or slightly interrupted externally or medially, either in a straight line, or an angle directed forwards, or an arch with the convexity forwards, with all possible intermediate forms; these series extending externally to posterior outer border of choane. Tongue large, plice radiating from behind. Head depressed, as long as broad; greatest width at angles of jaws; snout broad, rounded, without canthus rostralis; eyes.moderate. Body stout, slightly depressed, thrice to thrice and a half the distance from tip of snout to gular fold. Limbs stout ; adpressed against the body, the median fingers and toes meet or cross; fingers and toes short, much depressed, pointed ; carpal and tarsal tubercles perfectly distinct. Tail longer than, as long as, or shorter than head and body, strongly compressed, keeled posteriorly, ending in a point. Skin shining, minutely granulate ; parotoids large, flat; a vertical groove behind the angle of the mouth, crossed by another horizontal groove from the eye to the gular fold, latter very strong; twelve well-marked costal grooves. Brown or blackish, lighter beneath, with more or less numerous irregular yellow spots, sometimes arranged in transverse bands.
é. ‘ Total length .......... 138 oid millim.
From snout to cloaca .... 73 107 _—C—,, Head (is ces curnmatecn eas 11 2, Width of head.......... 11 24. —C,, Fore HmD « p2¢ cee wane 28 32 C«s Hind limb. ............ 28 38 ” PAL Lies sates erin naka esieanes 65 107 United States: Mexico.
a-b. 3 2.
ce. Several spec., hgr. ’ 13. AMBLYSTOMA.
A. Azxolotl form.
Lake Chalco, near Mexico.
Lake of Mexico.
45 Robert James, Esq. [P.].
G. H. White, ot TP...
d,e-g, h-l,m-q. 3, City of Mexico. Mr, Doorman [C. ©, & her.
r. Her. Mexico. Rev. F. L. Hopkins [P.]. 8. g. Mountain-lakes of = C. Darwin ce. California.
tv. SQ. 2 Prof. Owen [P.1.
w,2. SO. Bred in Paris. Dr. A. Giinther [P.]. y,% Hyr. & yg. Bred in England. Dr. A. Giinther [P.1. B. Perfect form.
a. 3g. New Jersey.
B. 9. Kansas.
yo: N. America. Leyden Museum. 6. Q. Voleano of Orizaba. M. Sallé [C.]. e-n. Young Ciudad. Mr. A. Forrer [C.]. 6-. 3% Bred in the Jardin Paris Museum [E. ]. des Plantes. :
cA. Hgr. i! Pe a George Mivart p. Her. —?
7. Amblystoma xiphias.
Amblystoma xiphias, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1867, p. 192; Strauch, Salam. p, 64.- Differs from A. tigrinwm in the smaller head, distinct canthus rostralis, and longer tail, which considerably exceeds the rest of the animal. Yellowish-olive, brighter yellow beneath, with more or less anastomosing or reticulating bands of well-defined brown on the back and sides, and a few rounded spots of the same on the belly. Columbus, Ohio.
8. Amblystoma trisruptum.
Amblystoma trisruptum, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1867, p. 194; Strauch, Salam. p. 64.
Palatine teeth in four distinct patches, with decided intervals; they form one transverse series, nearly straight centrally, where they are in aline with the posterior border of the choane, but curving slightly backwards laterally ; the two central patches are wider than the lateral, which vary a little in length, and are separated by an interval half the diameter of the choane; their distance from the exterior patches is about twice as great, the centre of the interval falling about opposite to the inner border of choane; the outer patches extend about half a diameter beyond the outer border of choanz. Head very broad, much depressed, ovate, rather pointed anteriorly: The remaining characters not different from those of A. tigrinum. Uniform dark blackish or bluish brown, with a single
46 SALAMANDRIDE.
series of large transversely elliptical blotches of yellow from head to tip of tail, the foremost one rounded and placed behind the eyes; those of opposite sides nearly meet on the back, and are confluent on the upper edge of the tail.
Ocate River, New Mexico.
9. Amblystoma jeffersonianum. (Pratz II. fig. 2.) Salamandra jeffersoniana, G'reen, Contr. Maclurian Lyceum, p. 4; Holbr. N. Amer. Herp. v. p. 61, pl. 14. Xiphonura jeffersoniana, Tschudi, Batr. p. 93; Dum. § Bibr. p. 161. Triton niger, Dekay, N. Y. Faun. iii. p. 85, pl. 15. £. 86. Salamandra granulata, Dekay, J. c. p. 78, pl. 23. f. 66; Holbr. N. Amer, Herp. v. p. 63.
Ambystoma jeffersoniana, Baird, Journ. Ac. Philad. (2) i. p. 283. Amblystoma jeffersonianum, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1867, p. 195; Strauch, Salam. p. 64.
Palatine teeth in four scarcely interrupted series forming a nearly straight line; these series extending laterally beyond the outer border of the choane. Tongue large, plice radiating from behind. Head small, not much depressed, longer than broad; greatest width at eyes; snout long and broad, rounded, without canthus rostralis; eyes moderate. Body much elongate, four times the distance from snout to gular fold. Limbs moderate, not meeting when adpressed against the body; fingers and toes depressed, latter long; a small tarsal tubercle. Tail about as long as head and body, rather strongly compressed, not keeled, ending in a point. Skin shining, smooth or minutely granulate; parotoids indistinct; a strong gular fold; twelve costal grooves, extending across the belly. Dark brown, lighter beneath ; sides with or without small light blue spots. Total length ......... Was wiser 145 millim. From snout to cloaca .......... Gt 2m Head cosets: pid eickes crounamianaions 13. —C«, Width of head ................ 10 HOP LMA a we sce sieatincgsescrsee a aevoaneec suave a LF sy Hind DMB ss. ss acne narags eae eis 21 MBB: seas cians Balser baa acare sie ee 13. 3 Canada; United States—Pennsylvania and Ohio, and northward. a. 9. Montreal. 2 Var. fuscum.
eae tia ee fuscum, Hallow. Journ, Ac, Philad. (2) iii. p. 355, Amblystoma ec var, fuseum, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1867, p. 197.
Dark brown, with an especially dark shade or band along the sides; extremely minute white points upon the body and tail, more sparse upon the former; chin yellow, clouded with brown beneath, Indiana and Virginia.
13. AMBLYsTOMA. 47 Var. laterale.
Ambystoma laterale, Hallow. I. c. p. 352.
Amblystoma jeffersonianum, var. laterale, Cope, J. c. About half the size of the typical form. Black with large white spots on the sides and tail, and smaller ones on the belly. Canada; N.E. United States.
Vaz. platineum.
Amblystoma platineum, Cope, 1. c. p. 198; Strauch, Salam. p. 65. —— Jeffersonianum, subsp. platineum, Cope, Check-list, p. 26. Distinguished by the narrower head and more elongate body. Colour leaden; eyelids yellowish-margined; lower surfaces with or without numerous indistinct whitish blotches. Ohio.
10. Amblystoma persimile.
Plethodon persimilis, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 230, pl. 19.. £.2; Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 489.
Pectoglossa persimilis, Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867, p. 698. Amblystoma persimile, Strauch, Salam. p. 65. Palatine teeth in four scarcely interrupted series forming a nearly straight line; these series extending laterally beyond the outer border of the choane. Tongue rather large, plice radiating from behind. Head small, moderately depressed, longer than broad; greatest. width at angles of jaws; snout moderate, rounded, without canthus rostralis ; eyes moderate. Body elongate, cylindrical, thrice and a half the distance from snout to gular fold. Limbs moderate; when adpressed against the body, the tip of third finger meets the tip of fourth toe; fingers and toes long, slender, scarcely depressed ; carpal and tarsal tubercles not distinct. Tail shorter than head and body, moderately compressed, not keeled, ending in a point, Skin smooth; parotoids indistinct ; a strong gular fold; twelve costal grooves. Blackish, with small scattered whitish spots, largest on the sides.
Total length...........00. 0. eee 98 millim. From snout to cloaca ............ 53s, Gad wie asic sencca ert asera one eats aes LE 33 Width of head... ......-....06. 9 4 Fore limb) ac ec ceee s tine ir oe 8 3 16.—C«, Bim MD: os eee hcncectsece eee Wee 18 os POIs, gaiaceacs: she ane athe cela’: Ceodeiae RES 45, Siam.
ab, OP Siam (probably at a considerable M. Mouhot [C.]. altitude).
48 SALAMANDRIDE, 11. Amblystoma macrodactylum.
Ambystoma macrodactyla, Baird, Journ. Ac. Philad. (2) i. p. 292 and U.S. Expl, Surv. xii. part ii. pl. 31. f. 3. Amblystoma macrodactylum, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1867, p. 198; Strauch, Salam. p. 65.
Palatine teeth in three [or four] series, the central largest, separated from the others by a considerable interval, together forming a line, slightly angular anteriorly, where they reach to about opposite the centre of the choune, laterally passing a little the outer margin of the choang. Tongue longitudinally oval, plice radiating from behind. Head rather large, depressed, and a little longer than broad ; eyes prominent. Body cylindrical-depressed, When adpressed along the body, the limbs almost meet. Toes long. Carpal and tarsal tubercles indistinct. Tail somewhat compressed, subround. Skin smooth; twelve costal grooves. Ground-colour dark brown; a broad light dorsal band; sides and lower surfaces sprinkled with greyish. From snout to cloaca 58 millim. Oregon ; California.
a 9? Oregon. Smithsonian Institution [P.].
12. Amblystoma paroticum. (Puxarz II. fig. 3.)
Amblystoma paroticum (Baird), Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1867, p. 200; Strauch, Salam. p, 65.
Palatine teeth in four scarcely interrupted series, the central forming a very open angle, the lateral extending externally beyond the outer border of the choane. Tongue small, circular; plice radiating from behind. Head large, depressed, about as broad as long, greatest width at angles of jaws, considerably constricted at the neck ; snout rounded, without canthus rostralis; eyes large, very prominent. Body rounded, rather short, twice and two thirds the distance from snout togular fold. Limbs strong; adpressed against the body, the longest toe reaches the wrist-joint; fingers and toes moderate, depressed, latter more equal in length than in the other species of the genus; carpal and tarsal tubercles indistinct Tail a little longer than head and body, strongly compressed, keeled, ending in a point. Skinsmooth; sides corrugated ; a distinct, large parotoid gland; astrong gular fold; a groove from eye to latter; eleven costal grooves. Uniform dark reddish brown, paler beneath. Total length .................. 144 millim.
From snout to cloaca............ 69, Head) ses ileve aia Memmagaeaaces 16. CO, Width of head ................ TS: 55 OTSOD)ooa.nievetoeeiediecaenstgeacoiaa23—C,, Hind limb..... sash pleleearadticccs Abaca 25, ETAL Sicce sa accex ieee ecadcuetlanat ats ane 75 yy Vancouver’s Island and Washington Territory.
a. 3? Vancouver's Island. Lieut.-Col. Hawkins [C.],
18. amBLystoma,. 49 13. Amblystoma aterrimum.
Amblystoma aterrimum, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1867, p. 201; Strauch, Salam. p. 65. ‘ The series of palatine teeth commence only opposite the middle of the posterior margin of the choanz, and describe a slight curve round their inner margins to a point just in advance of their anterior, then turn abruptly inwards and slightly backwards, making a right angle with their previous course; they converge, but do not unite. Tongue large, plica radiating from behind. Head a broad oval, intermediate in form between A. tenebrosum and A. tigrinum ; canthus rostralis distinct. Limbs very stout, just meeting when laid along the side ; toes short and flattened. ‘ail short and stout, much compressed, shorter than head and body. Gular fold well marked; twelve indistinct costal grooves. Black above, leadcoloured below. Total length 165 millim.
Northern Rocky Mountains.
14. Amblystoma tenebrosum.
Amblystoma tenebrosum, Baird §& Gir. Proc. Ac. Philad. 18852, p- 74, and U.S. Expl. Surv. xii. part ii. pl. 31, £.15 Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1867, p. 202; Strauch, Salam. p. 65. a tenebrosa, Gir, U.S. Expl. Exped., Herp. p. 14, pl. 1. f. 9-17.
Palatine teeth in two nearly straight series, each slightly convex anteriorly, separated by a distinct interval ; these series situated just behind the line of the choanz, not extending beyond their outer margin. Tongue large, plice radiating from behind. Head very large, depressed, a little longer than broad; greatest width at angles of jaws; snout long and broad, rounded, without canthus rostralis; eyes large. Body somewhat depressed, three times the distance from tip of snout to gular fold. Limbs strong; when adpressed against the body the longest toe marks the wrist-joint; fingers and toes short, much depressed ; carpal and tarsal tubercles indistinct. Tail shorter than head and body, strongly compressed, sharp-edged, except at the base, ending in a point. Skin smooth; no parotoids; a strong gular fold; twelve costal grooves. Greyish hrown above, marbled with dark brown; dirty white beneath, immaculate.
Totallength .............. 150 millim.
From snout to cloaca........ 82s, Head: cc ecceesee een oan aes 20 =~, Width of head ............ IS ys Fore limb ...........-0055 24, Hind limb ................ 30, Pea skies se gas Seis seas 68, Oregon ; California.
a, Hgr. 9. Sumass Lake N. A. Boundary Commission (J. K. Lord).
E
50 SALAMANDRID, Siredon gracilis, Baird, Rep. U.S. Expl. Surv. xiii. part iv. p. pl. 44. f. 2, is perhaps the larva of A. tenebrosum. 15. Amblystoma texanum.
Salamandra texana, Matthes, Aligem. deutsche naturh, Zeitung 1855, p. 266.
Amblystoma texanum, Baird, U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv. ii. Rept. p. pl. 35. f. 15; Cope, Proc, Ac. Philad. 1867, p. 204; Strauch, Sal p.65.
Palatine teeth forming an arched series between choane, extend to their anterior border, and not beyond their inner border the lateral direction. Tongue small, (in young) plice radiat from behind. General proportions as in A. microstomum. H oval, rather flattened and broad ; canthus rostralis somewhat mark Skin quite smooth; no parotoids; gular fold slight; fourti costal grooves. Above light brown, with a series of light sp along upper part of sides; these are small, and one between e: pair of costal folds ; sides and belly yellow. Total length 95 mill Texas.
16. Amblystoma cingulatum.
Amblystoma cingulatum, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philud. 1867, p. 2 Strauch, Salam. p. 65, .
Differs from A. microstomum in the shape of the snout, whict narrowed and projects beyond the mandible. Black, the under s faces thickly speckled with grey ; a vertical narrow grey line pas between every pair of costal grooves, and meets its fellow on’ dorsal line, or bifurcates to meet a similar bifurcation in like manr embracing an area; these narrow annuli extend nearly as forwards as the orbits, and surround the tail to its extrem: (Cope.)
South Carolina.
Pa. Uniform blackish, New Orleans. Edw. Doubleday, Esq. [1 17. Amblystoma microstomum. (Pxate II. fig. 4.) Ambystoma porphyriticum, Hallow. Proc. Ac. Philad. 1856, p. 8 ( Salamandra porphyritica, Green).
Amblystoma microstomum, Cope, Proc. dc. Philad. 1867, p. 2 Strauch, Salam. p. 66.
Palatine teeth forming a slightly angular series, with conve) forwards, entirely between the choanz. Tongue not very la oval, with a median longitudinal groove, from which the pl radiate. Head very small, very convex, slightly longer than bro snout very short, broad, rounded, without canthus rostralis; lo jaw projecting a little beyond the border of upper; eyes moder: Body cylindrical, much elongate, four and a half times the dista from snout to gularfold. Limbs short, widely separated when ]