8. SALAMANDRELLA.—9, ONYCHODACTYLUS. 35 having ‘the outer branches of palatine teeth more horizontal and the median series more approximating, not curved ; besides, the tail is less elevated. Judging from the unique specimen in the collection, I am not convinced of the specific difference of this form. Kamtschatka.
a. >. Kamtschatka. St. Petersburg Museum [E.].
9. ONYCHODACTYLUS.
Onychodactylus, Tschudi, Batr. P 92; Gray, Cat. p. 33; Dum. & Bibr. ix. p. 118; Strauch, Salam. p. 60.
Tongue large, subcircular, the lateral borders free. Palatine teeth in a doubly arched, AA/\-shaped series on a line with the choane. Fingers and toes furnished with claws; toes five. Tail cylindrical at the base, compressed at the end.
Japan.
1. Onychodactylus japonicus.
Onychodactylus japonicus, Gray, Cat. p. 33.
Salamandra japonica, Houttuyn, Verh. Genootsch. Viissing. ix. p. 329, pl. —. f. 3. ; ; —— unguiculata, Schleg. Faun. Japon., Rept. p. 123, pl. 5. f. 1-6, Onychodactylus schlegeli, Tschudi, 1. c.; Dum. § Bibr. p. 114, pl. 93. £1.
japonicus, Bonap. Faun. Ital.; Strauch, 1. c.; Troschel, Arch. f. Nat, 1877, p. 199, pl. 15.
Head small, longer than broad; snout rounded ; eyes large, prominent; no labial lobes. Body cylindrical, about four times the length of the head. Limbs moderate; in the male the hind limb very strong and with a broad fibulo-tarsal dilatation; fingers and toes short, depressed ; carpal and tarsal tubercles none. Tail longer than head and body, cylindrical in its anterior half, becoming gradually compressed and keeled towards the end, which is obtusely pointed. Vent of female a longitudinal slit; of male three slits meeting in front, the median being longitudinal, the two others obliquely directed forwards, forming an angle; the borders of the vent not swollen in either sex. Skin smooth ; twelve to fourteen costal grooves, which may be very indistinct; parotoids present, large, flat, behind the angle of the jaws; a rectilinear groove from the eye to the gular fold, which is strongly marked ; throat with more or less distinct longitudinal plaits. Brown above; a broad zone along the back and tail yellowish or reddish, mottled with brown, bordered by a blackish band, the upper edge of which is well defined and irregularly festooned ; flanks and limbs dark brown, variegated with greyish; nails black; head brownish, variegated with blackish; lower surfaces light brown, uniform or mottled with darker. D2
36 SALAMANDRIDE.
é. Q.
Total length .......... 166 156 millim. From snout to cloaca.... 71 73-9 Head, a:c oes aes sa sie wise 13 14 ” Width of head ........ 95 lls, Fore limb ............ 20 21. 45 Hind limb ............ 25 24 =, MPAA cca 2sh sis esta Sueectyisnaneseet 95 83s, Japan, a-b. o & larva. Japan.
Oyama, near Yeddo. § H.M.S. ‘Challenger’ fot e. Several spec.: ¢, Near Hakone, Niphon. H.M.S. ‘Challenger’ [O.]. ©, & larvee.
10. RANIDENS.
Ranodon, Kessler, Bull. Mose. 1866, p. 126; Strauch, Salam. p. 65. Tongue rather large, subcircular, the lateral borders free. Palatine teeth in two short transverse arched series, convex forwards, between the choanzx, separated from each other by a wide interspace. Toes five. Tail compressed.
Eastern Temperate Asia.
1. Ranidens sibiricus.
Triton (Ranodon) sibiricus, Kessler, J. e. pl. vii. Ranodon kessleri, Ballion, Bull. Mosc. 1868, p. 188. sibiricus, Strauch, 7. c. p. 66, pl. ii. £. 3. Head rather depressed, a little longer than broad; snout rounded; eyes moderately large, prominent; labial lobes slightly. developed. Body rounded, thrice and a half to thrice and two thirds the length of the head. Limbs moderate; fingers and toes rather short, depressed, free ; the extremity of the adpressed hind limb reaches the wrist of the adpressed fore limb. Tail as long as, or a little longer than head and body, strongly compressed, crestless, keeled above, obtusely pointed. Vent a longitudinal slit, in the male with a small papilla anteriorly, the borders not swollen. Skin shining, minutely tuberculate above; sides with eleven to thirteen very distinct vertical grooves; amore or less distinct fold of the skin running perpendicularly to the costal grooves along each flank ; parotoids present, large, flat, behind the angle of the jaws ; a groove from the eye to the parotoid ; a strong gular fold. Light brown above, with more or less distinct darker spots; beneath whitish, immaculate, 3.
Total length ...............08, 180 millim. From snout to cloaca .......... 85 FE aD eit deities 1g >
10. RanrpEens—11. BATRACHYPERUS, 37 Fore dimb's:c0heaeewe dead 27 millim. Hind limb... 5 <ss s sce ssacees 29°, Meal shots stubarg ate ar cacsueee 9 Eastern Siberia ; North-eastern China. a,b, S & her. Kopal. St. Petersburg Museum [P.], 11. BATRACHYPERUS.
Batrachuperus, Bouleng. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1878, p. 71. _ Tongue rather large, subcircular, the lateral borders free. Palatine teeth in two short transverse arched series between the choane, separated from each other by a wide interspace. Toes four. Tail compressed.
China.
1. Batrachyperus sinensis. (Pxare III. fig. 1.) Salamandrella sinensis, Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) i. p. 117. Batrachuperus sinensis, Bouleng. 1. ¢. p. 72. Head depressed, longer than broad ; snout very short, rounded ; eyes rather large, prominent; labial lobes much developed. Body _ cylindrical, about thrice and a half the length of the head. Limbs moderate; fingers and toes rather short, depressed, free; the limbs being adpressed along the body, the median fingers and toes meet. Tail a little shorter than head and body, strongly compressed, except at the base, crestless, keeled, ending in an obtuse point. Vent much as in Onychodactylus, viz. a simple longitudinal slit in the female, two perpendicular slits in the male, the horizontal one anterior and arched; the borders notswollen. Skin smooth; sides with ten to twelve very distinct vertical grooves; parotoids present, large, flat, behind the angle of the jaws; a rectilinear groove from the eye to the gular fold; latter very strongly marked, extending on the sides of the neck; throat with longitudinal plaits. Greyish brown above, more or less variegated with blackish ; lower surfaces lighter, mottled with brown.
3. Q.
Total length .......... 147 135 millim. From snout to cloaca.... 75 70 Head. o.6 is dee acene ane 17 16. CO«y, Width of head ........ 144 13 —C&«, Fore limb ............ 19 19 ,, Hind limb ............ 26 24 4 Pall s cis wheat eases 72 65, Moupin, China.
ab. dQ. Moupin. Paris Museum [E.].
38 SALAMANDRIDE.
12. DICAMPTODON.
Dicamptodon, Strauch, Salam. p. 68.
Tongue nearly entirely adherent. Palatine teeth in two lon transverse arched series, convex forwards, converging backward: situated behind the line of the choanz, separated from each othe by a wide interspace. Toes five. Tail compressed. California.
1. Dicamptodon ensatus.
Triton ensatus, Eschscholtz, Zool. Atlas, p. 6, pl. 22. Dicamptodon ensatus, Strauch, 1. c. p. 69. Head broad; snout rounded. Body stout. Limbs short; toe free. Tail sword-shaped, curved upwards, as long as head an body. Skin nearly smooth; parotoids and costal grooves apparentl absent. Reddish-brown, back marbled with brown. Total lengtl about 4 decimetres.
California.
13. AMBLYSTOMA.* Amblystoma, Tschudi, Batr. p. 92; Baird, Journ. Ac, Philad. (2); 1850, p. 281; Gray, Cat. P. 84; Dum. § Bibr. ix."p. 101; Cope Proc. Ac. Philad. 1867, p. 166; Strauch, Salam. p. 60. Xiphonura, Tschudi, 1.c. p. 95; Gray, l.c.; Dum. E Bir. p. 161. Satamandineties Fitzing. Syst. Rept. p. 33. Heterotriton, Gray, J. ¢. p. 33.
Desmiostoma, Sager, Penins. Journ. Medic. 1858, p. 428, Camarataxis, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1859, p. 122. Pectoglossa, Mivart, Proc. Zool, Soc. 1867, p. 698, Larva Forms :— Siredon, Wagl. Syst. Amph. p, 209; Dum. & Bibr. p. 176. Axolotes, Owen, Ann. § Mag. N. H. xiv. p. 23. Tongue subcircular or oval, with radiating plicew ; lateral border free; anterior border slightly free. Palatine teeth in long series continuous or separated by slight interspaces. Toes five. Taj more or less compressed.
North America, southward to Mexico; one species from Siam probably at a great altitude.
* The three following species are referred, for completeness’ sake, to thi genus, but not without uncertainty, as nothing precise is said in the descriptio of the arrangement of the palatine teeth or of the attachment of the tongue :- Sal dra brevi , Wied, Nova Acta Leop.-Carol. xxxii, p- 127.- Pennsylvania.
8. maculata, id. ibid. p. 129.—Pennsylvania. S. melanoleuca, id. ibid. p. 130.—Pennsylvania.
13. AMBLYsTOMA. 39 Synopsis of the Species.
I. Series of palatine teeth extending to external fissure of choane ; plicee of tongue radiating from behind. A. Costal grooves ten or eleven. 10 costal grooves; habit very stout; blackish, blotched or marbled with BLOY vs osc cy iarensa ae ee ae Baas 1. talpoideum, p. 40. 11 costal grooves ; habit stout ; blackish, with grey fascia .............00. 2. opacum, p. 40. 10 or 11 costal grooves ; blackish, with round yellow spots .............. 3. punctatum, p. 41. 11 costal grooves; habit slender; tail shorter than the head and body ; leadcoloured, with small yellow spots .. 4. conspersum, p. 42. 11 costal grooves; body stout and heavy; two very distinct tarsal tubercles; blackish above, with large irregularyellow spots; yellow beneath. 5. bicolor, p. 42. 11 costal grooves; head large; parotoids very distinct ; uniform brown . 12. paroticum, p. 48. B. Costal grooves twelve.
1. Two distinct tarsal tubercles. Head large; brown or blackish, with yellow markings ................ 6. tigrinum, p. 43. Head smaller; canthus rostralis distinct; tail considerably longer than head and body ............00 0005 7. wiphias, p. 45, Palatine teeth in four distinct patches, with decided intervals ............ 8. trisruptum, p. 45. 2. No or one indistinct tarsal tubercle. Head small; body much elongated; limbs not meeting when adpressed.. 9. jeffersoniunum, p. 46. Head small ; body less elongated ; limbs meeting when adpressed .......... 10. persimile, p. 47. Limbs nearly meeting when adpressed ; a light vertebral band; toes long .. 11. macrodactylum, p. 48. II. Series of palatine teeth not extending beyond choane ; plice of tongue radiating from behind. 12 costal grooves ; snout short, uniform plac hick One tees oan pans 13. aterrimum, p. 49. 12 costal grooves ; snout long; brown, marbled with darker ............ 14. tenebrosum, p. 49. 14 costal grooves; brown, with light spots on the sides; below yellowish.. 15. tewanum, p. 50.
40 SALAMANDRID.
III. Series of palatine teeth between the choane ; plice of tongu radiating from a median longitudinal groove; fourteen cost: grooves, Lower jaw shorter than snout........ 16. cingulatum, p. 50. Lower jaw longer than snout ........ 17. microstomum, p. 50. 1. Amblystoma talpoideum.
Amblystoma ? talpoideum, Gray, Cat. p. 36.
Salamandra talpoidea, Holbr. N. Amer. Herp. v. p. 73, pl. 24, Amblystoma talpoideum, Dum. & Bibr. p. 109; Cope, Proc. Ac Phalad. 1867, p. 172; Strauch, Salam. p. 63.
Shortest, stoutest, and most clumsily formed of all the Ambly stomata. Differs from A. opacum in the following characters :— Head broader ; upper jaw visible beyond the lower, when viewe from below ; eyes rather small. Tail higher. Ten costal grooves Dark brownish or liver-black; upper surfaces irregularly sprinkled blotched and marbled with silvery grey of a lichen-like character Size of A. opacum.
8.E. United States, 2. Amblystoma opacum.
Amblystoma opacum, Gray, Cat. p. 86.
Salamandra opaca, Gravenh. Uebers. Zool. Syst. p. 481, and Delic p. 75, pl.10; Dum. § Bibr. p. 66. .
—— fasciata, Green, Journ, Ac. Philad. i. 1818, p. 850; Holbr. N Amer. Herp. v. p. 71, pl. xxili.; Dekay, N. Y. Faun., Rept p. 77, pl. 17. f. 40.
Ambystoma opaca, Baird, Journ. Ac. Philad. (2) i. 1850, p. 288. — fasciatum, Dum. & Bibr. p. 106, pl. 101. f 5. Amblystoma opacum, Cope, Proc. Ac: Philad. 1867, p. 178; Strauch Salam. p. 63.
Palatine teeth in three series on a line behind the choane ; mediat series in a double arc, the convexity of which is turned backwards lateral series about half the length of the central, separated frou . the latter by a decided interval. Tongue large, plice radiating from behind. Head depressed, a little longer than broad, greates width at angles of jaws; snout broad, rounded, without canthu rostralis ; eyes moderate. Body slightly depressed, measuring twic and a half or twice and two thirds the distance from tip of snow to gular fold. Limbs moderate; adpressed against the body, thi longest fingers and toes mect; fingers and toes not very thick, de pressed; carpal and tarsal tubercles generally indistinct. Tai shorter than head and body, thick at the base, becoming graduall: compressed at the pointed tip, not keeled. Skin shining, closel pitted, especially on back and tail; parotoids indistinct; a stron; gular fold; a rectilinear fold from the angle of the mouth to th latter; eleven costal grooves. Purplish black; back and uppe half of tail with bluish-grey transverse bars.
13. AMBLYSTOMA. Al d. °.
Total length............ 90 94 millim. From snout to cloaca .... 49 55, Head) oe oe tee eaten 12 13 —C««, Width of head.......... 9 ll ,, Fore limb...........4.. 14 Tl 45 Hind limb ............ 16 19 (,, Pall. casein ace aheraaueaean 41 39 ao. New York.
bo. Ohio.
e-d. 9 & her. Georgia.
e-f. 9. N. America. Dr. MacMurtrie [P.]. g-h. 3. N. America. Prof. St. George Mivart [P.]. 2 9. N. America. Royal College of Surgeons [P.]. k-l, m,n, 0. 3 Q. N. America.
p. Skeleton. New York.
3. Amblystoma punctatum.
Ambystoma caroline, Gray, Cat. p. 36. Lacerta punctata, Linn. S. N. i. p. 370. maculata, Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 304. Salamandra venenosa (Bart.), Daud. Rept. viii. p. 229; Holbr. N. Amer. Herp. v. p. 87, pl. a7 Lacerta subviolacea, Barton, Amer. Phil. Trans. vi. p. 108, pl. 4. f.6.
Salamandra subviolacea, Harlan, Journ. Ac. Philad. v. p. 3817; Dekay, N. Y. Faun., Rept. p. 74, pl. 2. t. 36. Ambystoma subviolaceum, Tschudi, Batr. it 92. —— punetata, Baird, Journ. Ac. Philad. (2) i. p. 283. Ambyostoma caroline, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 18538, p. 11. Ambystoma argus, Dum. § Bibr. p. 103. Amblystoma punctatum, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1867, p. 175; Strauch, Salam. p. 63. 4 Palatine teeth in three series; median series generally in a straight line or a double arc, the convexity of which is turned backwards, sometimes forming a single arc; lateral series a little in advance of the central and not quite half its length, separated from the latter by a slight interval. Tongue large, plice radiating from behind. Head depressed, a little longer than broad ; greatest width at angles of jaws; snout broad, rounded, without canthus rostralis; eyes moderate. Body stout, cylindrical, twice and two thirds to thrice and one fourth the distance from tip of snout to gular fold. Limbs moderate; adpressed against the body, the median fingers and toes meet in the male, remain generally separated in the female; fingers and toes not very thick, depressed; carpal and tarsal tubercles scarcely distinct. Tail about as long as head and body, compressed, pointed, not keeled. Skin shining, more or less pitted ; parotoids rather distinct ; a vertical groove behind the
42: SALAMANDRID A.
angle of the mouth, crossed by another horizontal groove from the eye to the strong gular fold; ten or eleven costal grooves. Black, lighter beneath ; on each side of the head, back, and tail a series of nearly circular yellow spots about the size of the orbit ; limbs with similar spots.
ae; O.
Total length .......... 132 183 millim. From snout to cloaca .... 62 93 SC, GAO. 4 ccteis np ed ct ie 14 20° 5, Width of head ......... 12 TS 55 Fore limb ...........+. 17 Oo) as Hind limb............. 19 26a, Tail ee eee eee eee 70 90 Ci, Eastern United States.
a. 9. New York.
b-<. 3 2. Ohio.
dd. St. Lawrence. G, Barnston, Esq. [P.]. e Q. New Jersey.
f.¢é U. States.
Gy ry i, k-l. Several spec.: N. America. 3, 9, her, & yg.
GOR ue Tes N, America. Prof. St. George Mivart [P.]. n. Skeleton. ——- 4, Amblystoma conspersum.
Amblystoma conspersum, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1859, p. 123, and 1867, p. 177; Strauch, Salam. p. 63. Palatine teeth in three patches, the median longest, commencing opposite inner margin of choanz and convex to between latter or nearly so. Tongue longer than broad. In proportions intermediate between A. punctatum and A. jeffersonianum. Head a broad oval. Limbs short; fingers and toes long and slender, subcylindrical ; when adpressed, the fingers reach beyond bases of toes; two small tubercles on edges of sole. Tail shorter than head and body, everywhere compressed. Skin smooth; grooves behind the orbit inconspicuous, but present; eleven costal grooves. General colour leaden, paler beneath; lower parts of sides and sides of tail more or less varied with small whitish spots, the former often in a regular line ; a similar line on the upper part of the sides sometimes present; end of snout sometimes pale-marbled. Total length 31 lines. United States—Pennsylvania to Georgia. a, Several larve. Carlisle, Pennsylvania. Smithsonian Institution [P.]. 5. Amblystoma bicolor.
Amblystoma bicolor, Hallow. Proc. Ac. Philad. 1857, p. 215; Cope, eod. luc, 1867, p. 178; Strauch, Salam. p. 63, Palatine teeth in three entirely transverse series, the interruption