SYSTEMATIC LIST OF GENERA AND SPECIES DESCRIBED IN THIS MONOGRAPH. SHO\MNG OUR PRESENT KNOWLEDGE OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF SAME. Subfam. CICADIX.E. ^^^^ ^ pi„_ p^„^ i. Pcecilopsaltria bufo vii. 20 5 •2. „ canescens viii. 18 C 3. „ calypso x. 3 15 4. „ pol'ita i. IG 7 5. ,, c'crvina v. Vl H (3. „ basi-viridis ix. G H 7. ,, basialba viii. 19 9 ,, snbrufa i. 1 9 „ octoguttata i. 5 10 ,, liampsoni i. 8 11 „ coelebs i. 12 12 „ nicobarica i. 3 12 „ fulvigera i. 2 13 „ spliiiix viii. IG 13 „ stiuusta i. 10 14 „ westwoodi i. 18 15 „ hilpa i. G 1") „ cibaris i. 4 IG „ autlamana i. 9 17 „ atliiiis IS ,, capitata Is Platypleura ippanda i. 7 19 „ l<a'ni])t'eri i. 14 20 nobilis i. 13 21 „ iiisigiiis i. 15 22 „ badia vii. 15 23 I'olyneura ducalis ii. 7 23 Angamiana a?therea xiii. 1 100 Tacua speciosa ii. 9,10 24,154 Gniptopsaltria colonita ii. 8 25 Tosena ineai'esiaiia ii. 3 2G ,, fasciata ii. 1, 2 2G ,, uielanopteia ii. 5 27 ,, montivaf^a xiii. G 28 ,, depicta iii. 11 28 „ dives iii. 10 29 „ Sibylla ix. 9 29, 154 ,, splenclida ii. C 30 Leptopsaltria (juadrituberculata viii. 0 31, 154 ,, niasciila x. 1 32 ,, .stuiiia viii. 11 32 „ all)istigiiia x. 15 33 ,, nelmlinea viii. 17 33 „ andamauensis ... x. 12 34 ,, tuberosa viii. 7 Si „ piyeri viii. 12 35 „ tij,'iii)a X. G 35 „ tijiroides xii. 18 35 albiguttata I ^'x* ' 4| ^*' „ oannente viii. 2 37 ,, barbosic v. 14 37 ,, Kotlidaris xii. 20 37 ,, iii'i-iisi XV. 19 101 Duiidiibia maiinilcia iv. 17, 10 ■>9 Var xii. 1 39 CONTINENTAL * cs S eL< . ^ to .^ c3 i^ :2 S ^ .J2 MS3H<^O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0...
0 0 00 0 0 0 (V ... ... 0 ... 0 0...
... 0 (I II 0 0 0 0 (I 0 ... o 1^ oclii1 Ch INSULAR * s .9 S I J I ^ I .1 1 I o o O V. pqt,^,-,/^►, -.o ...0 0 Aru Christmas Island Nicobar Islands 00 0 ... 0 .'Viidamon Islands 00 0 0 0 IVnang 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 ... 0 0...
0 ... 0 ... 0 ... .Viiilnuian Islands 0 0 0 ...
... 0 0 Sulu Islands 00 0 0 0 0 0 Sinkop I.sland *Thewavinwliiclitheterms"Continental"and"Insular"areunderstoodinthi.iwork,hasbeenob-eadyexplainedinafootnotetopase24. JtI"il"'soIslandsareincludedQilolo,Cerom,Bouru,Batohian,Morty,Obi,Ko,Timor-laut,Amboyna.rornato,Iidore,Kaioo,andBanda(WaUneo 1 * Malay iU-cbipclago,' chap, xxvii.).
CONTINENTAL 55 55a, 5G. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 71(1 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 8G. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. lie. 117. 118. 119. 120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. Tab. & Dundubia nifivena vi. „ mellea xii. ,, locusta ix. „ rafflesii iv. „ emanatnra viii. ,, ? aerata vi. „ intemerata iv. Cosmopsaltria amieta viii. „ nagarasingna... iv. „ larus ■ .^' I IV. ,, bocki iv. ,, similis v. „ oopaga V. „ andersoni v. ,, jacooua v. ,, fese sv. ,, majiiscula vii. ,, latiliiiea iv. „ laiita V. „ montivaga sii. ,, inermis vi. ,, fuliginosa vi. „ vibrans iv. ,, meyeri viii. „ nigra vi. ,, fiavida v. „ spinosa iv. ,, umbrata v. „ radha iv. ,, satm-ata v. ,, ficulnea xv. ,, tavoyana v. ,, tripurasnra iv. ,, durga iv. ,, opalifei'a v. ,, microdon iv. „ nicomaclie iv. ,, minahassae vi. ,, sita iv. ,, diminuta xii. ,, doryca vii. i> lata vii. ,, capitata vii. „ serva ix. ,, spatluilata vi. ,) operciilissima... v. „ mongolica iv. ,, silhetana vi. „ opeicularis v. „ lutulenta vii. „ impar x. ,, insularis xi. „ albostriata viii. „ chlorogaster ... vii. ,, gemina vii. ,, recedens x. ,, junctivitta x. ,, obtecta v. ,, pigafetta? viii. „ _ phicophila xii. Pomponia imperatoria ix. >) fiisoa vii. ,, japoneusis xv. ,, grsecina x. ,, lactea vii. ,, X)iota vii. „ singularis vi. ti ransonneti vii. I, evaneseeiis x. ,, pumila xiii. II viridimaculata x. ,, scitula vii. „ solitaria vii. ,, promiscua ix. 1, tlialia ix. „ transhicida xiii. I, bindusara ix. ,, dobertyi xiii. ,, nigristigma ix. Fig. i; 1) 1 4 3 7 1 4 14 I] 13 11 10 9 6 3 20 8 15 8 12 15 16 2 5 9 15 7 11 9 17 21 4 8 6 2 Ifi 12 17 5 14 1 4 6 3 3 5 o 1 16 7 16 12 1 5 3 14 2 13 10 21 15 10 22 H 18 11 4 20 13 8 9 19 17 14 4 7 11 9 7 Page 40 40 41 41 41 42 42 43 44 44 45 45 46 46 47 101 47 48 48 49 49 50 50 51 51 52 52 53 54 54 102 55 55 56 56 57 57 58 58 59 59 60 60 60 61 61 62 62 03 63 64 64 65 65 66 66 06 67 67 68 4 (fig. 1), 69 70, 154 102 70 71 71 72 72, 102, 154 72 73 73 74 74 75 75 76 76 77 77 .2 a c3cSs r- ri a>li;.^ M « H S O 0... INSULAR ^ 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 Cochin Cliina 0 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... ... 0 0 0 0 Corea 0 0 0 00 Corea o flH o S i? i-i o 0 Nias Island, Sumbawa 0 0 0 ... 0 0 0 0 0.. 0...AmifcSalwattyIslands Waigiou 0 0... 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 Santa Cruz Islands 0 Goram 0... ... 0 ... 0 0 ... Arn, Salwatty, &; Duke ... 0 [of York Islands 0 ...0 ...0 Narkondam Island 0 Engano Siilu Islands
132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144. 145. 14G. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 100. it;i. 102. I(i3. 1(;4. 105. 106. 107. ItW. 109. 170. 171. 172. 173. 174. Tab.&FiR. Pomponia kama vi. 12 „ pallidiventris vi. 14 „ viridi-cineta Wondcut, fig. 2 Tab.&FiK. „ expansa vi. 13 „ maculaticoUis vi. 11 „ obnnbila vi. 10 Psithyristria specularis Woodcut, ing. 3 „ crassinervis „ „ 4 „ nodinervis „ ,, 5 „ tenuinervis „ „ 6 „ simplicmervis ... ,, „ 7 Tab. Cryptotympanafumipennis... xi. accipiter xiii. diomedea xi. epithesia xi. aquila xi. mandariua ... xi. pustiilata xi. corvus X. intermedia ... xi. acuta xi. demissitia xiii. 175. 170. 177. 178. 179. 180. 181. 182. 183. 184. 185. 186. 187. 1H8. IHO. 190. 191. 192. 193. 194. 195. 19(5. 197. 198. 199. 200. 201. 202. 203. 204. 205. 200. 207. Fin 4 10 3 5 9 7 10 11 1 8 11 10 11 6 2 7 12 13 recta x. facialis xi. sinensis xi. insularis xi. limborgi x. exalbida xiii. tondana xiii. immaculata Cicada leeclii xiii. 2 „ bihamata xii. 8 „ sinensis xiii. 3 „ coronata xii. 11 ,, ochracea xii. 13 „ tagalica vi. 8 ,, pontianaka v. 7 „ germana vii. 2 „ polyhymnia xii. 4 „ viridis xii. 19 ,, elopurina xii. 5 ,, flammata xiii. 15 „semperi 17 15 22 8 18 10 12 14 16 4 21 Subfam. TIBICENIN.E. Gffiana maculata iii. „ stellata iii. „ sulphurca iii. ,, bageni ix. ,, festiva iii. ,, atkinsoni ix. „ octonotata iii. ,, tenebriscosa iii. ,, delinonda iii. Talainga bingliami xiii. Graptotettix guttatus iii. „ thoracicus Huechys sanguinea iii. 2 ,, incarnata iii. 4 ,, phffnicura iii. 0 ,, \-idua iii. 9 ,, fusca iii. 7 „ pingenda iii. 1 „ celebensis iii. 8 „ tboraeica iii. 3 „ lutulenta xiv. 1 „ dohertyi xiv. 2 „ chryselcctra xiv. 3 „ ha;iiiatiea xiv. 4 Scieroptera splcndidula xiv. 5 „ crocea xiv. C „ fumigata xiv. 7 Mogannia viridis xiv. 8 „ fiUva xiv. 9 „ obliqua xiv. 10 „ doriiu xiv. 11 ,, sesioidos xiv. 12 „ hobes xiv. 13 Page 78 78 79 79 80 81 82 82 83 83 83 84 84 85 85 85 86 86 87 88 88 89 89 90 90 91 91 92 93 93 94 95 95 95 96 96 97 97 97 98 98 99 99 104 105 105 100 100 107 107 108 108 109 110 110 111 112 113 113 114 114 115 115 115 116 110 110 117 118 118 119 119 119 120 120 121 CONTINENTAL a I .5a 3 o ^ J « H r-. O .a O 0... ...0 ...0 Siam Corea Siam 0.. 00 0... 0... 0 0 0 0 ... ...0 ... 0 ...0 ... 0 ...0 ... 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 ... 0 0 0 0 0 ... 0 ... 00 INSULAR a o'S.S ="-5i o '^ "Z Ji Jt ■3 o <3 ■?. a o73H;p&<o<i?5>-5 0 .. 0 ... 0 0 0 0 ... 0 0 0 0 Timor ... 0 0 .Andaman Islands 0 ...0 Formosa 0 ...0 0 0 Suln Islands 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 0... Q Q II Suuibawa ... 0 ... ... ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 0 ''"^" Islands 0 0 0 0 0 ... 0 0 0 0 Fonuosft
Tab. & Fig. Page Mogannia nasalis xiv. 14 121 „ cyanea xiv. 15 121 effecta xiv. 16 122 „ fiinebris xiv. 17 var. 122 ,, conica xiv. 18 122 Gymnotympana stridens* ix. 16 124 Kamalata pantberina viii. 9 124 Bustia lientivitta viii. 14 125 tigrina xiv. 19 126 Karenia ravida xii. 6 126 „ cselatata xiii. 5 127 Tibicen casyapae xiv. 20 128 ,, reticiiJatus xiv. 21 128 „ lacteipennis \ -j' jq ^ 129 ,, siibvittatus xii. 17 129 „ nanus xiv. 22 130 „ tener vi. 5 130 ,, maculicoUis xiv. 23 131 „ apicalis xii. 15 131 „ nubifiirca xiv. 24 131 „ ferraiius 132 „ pusiHus 132 Emathia aegi'ota xii. 3 133 Cicadatra querala xii. 2 134 „ rugipennis xii. 7 135 „ xantes xv. 1 135 „ striata xv. 2 135 „ acberi xv. 3 136 Calcagninus pictiu-atus viii. 13 136 ,, nUgu-ensis viii. 15 137 Terpnosia nigrioosta xv. 4 138 „ pryeri xv. 5 139 „ stipata XV. 6 139 „ psecas TO. 21 140 „ maciilipes xv. 7 140 „ clio ix. 5 141 „ andersoni ix. 13 141 ,, madhava ix. 2 141 colliua vii. 12 142 Melampsalta literata xv. 8 143 ,, continuata xv. 9 143 „ pellosoma xv. 10 143 „ exoequata xv. 11 144 „ laevifrons 144 Prasia faticina vii. 14 145 „ prineeps xiii. 14 145 „ bariola vii. 16 146 „ fatiloqua vi. 2 146 „ foliata XV. 12 146 Lembej a maculosa vii. 13 147 „ paradoxa 148 Bffituria conviva xiv. 25 148 ,, exiiausta xv. 13 149 ,, obtusa XV. 14 149 „ beccarii xiv. 27 149 „ innotabilis xv. 15 150 ,, subnotata xv. 16 150 „ stigma XV. 17 150 ,, bicolorata xiv. 26 150 ,, ? sandaracata vii. 9 151 , Acrilla adipata xv. 18 151 CONTINENTAL CS m =3 o o s s 3 I « H S O 00 0...
00 0...
0 00 0...
...0 0...
00 0...
0...
Siam& Cambodia „ (Persia, Turkestan,! i &Afghanistan J INSULAR O 02 o ^ '^ Pq fl^ o 8o O QJ a a a, ^ O 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 ...0 00 00 0 0 ...
0 ... 0 Mysol Sangir Timor,Aru,&Dukeof [York Island 0 Mysol *Gymnotympanastrepitans,tab.viii.,fig.9,page124(note);locality,WoodlarkIsland.
|)r«i;iilc(( llj^ mmttti %¥ mlm mm\i
ORIEXTAL CICADID.E.
Class INSECTA.
Order RHYNCHOTA.
Suborder HOMOPTEEA.
Fam. CICADID^.
Stridulantes,Latreille,Fam.Nat.duRegneAnim.p.426(1825);Amyot&Serville,Hist.de3Hem.p.458(1848). Stridulantw, Burmeister, Handb. ii. 1, pi). 102, 170 (1835); Stal, Hem. Afr. iv. p. 1 (1866). Cicmlida, Westwood, Intr. Mod. Class. Ins. ii. p. 420 (1840); Arcan. Eutomol. i. p. 91 (1843); Distiuit. Biol. Centr. Am. Ebyuch. Horn. p. 1 (1881).
Cicadariir, Packard (nee Latreille), Guide Study Ins. 5tli edit. p. 533 (1876). The principal characters of this family of Homoptera are as follows : — Ocelli three in number and placed on the disk of the vertex of head ; antennse shoi't, inserted close to the eyes and composed of seven joints. The head is short, broad, and transverse, terminating beneath in an elongated rostrum composed of three joints. The thorax is large ; the pronotum short and transverse, with two oblique longitudinal discal furrows on each side; the mesonotum* is very large and terminates behind in a small basal cruciform elevation.} The abdomen consists, of six segments and an anal segmental appendage. The anterior femora are inerassated and more or less spinose beneath. The tegmina are generally hyaline, sometimes opaque; the venation usualh" distinct and furcate in ramification, but sometimes reticulate. * The sound-producing or stridulating organs of the male § have been studied and described by Eeaumur,|| Goureau and Solier,1i Duges,** Landois.ff Mayer, ^* and Carlet.§§ Mr. Jiio. C. Galtou has also given an excellent resume of the same,|||] especially as regards the work of Carlet. Prof. C. Lloyd Morgan has recently contributed a short but very succinct description of "the sound-producing apparatus of the Cicadas," ^1! which Mr. Middlemiss, writing from the North-West Himalaya, has supplemented by fm-ther particulars.*** This sound-producing apparatus is covered beneath by two flaps, which, as pointed out by Westwood, are " in fact, the dilated sides of the metasternum" tf t ; these are often incorrectly '■'■ThishasbeenconsideredasascutelhimbyStalandsomeotherwriters,butIamsupportedinluyviewby Burmeister and Westwood.
f The metathoraeic cross of Mr. Uhlcr (see ti^. 1, 5, p. 4). J As in PoUjncura dttealU, Wcstw. §Dr.BennettfoundthatthenativesofNewSouthWaleswereac(iuaintedwiththefacttliatthemalesalonepnvluceil thesound.Theysaid,intheirpeculiarHnglish,"OldwomanGalaut;{jalaufjnogot,nomakeanoise,"implyingthatthe femalesdonotpossessthesemusicalinstruments.—'WanderingsinNewSouthWales,'vol.i.p.237. II ' Memoures,' torn. v. pi. xWi. (1740). H Ann. Soc. Ent. de France, torn. vi. (1837). **'TraitedePhysiologiecomparee,'tom.ii.(1838).ffZeitschr.fUrwisseuch.Zool.bd.xvii.s.lOo(1S07). II'Zeitschr.fui-wisscnch.Zool.bd.xxviii.s.79(18771.
§§'Auu.desSciencesNaturelles,'ser.6,Zool.tom.v.&'ComptesRcndusdeTAcad.desSciences'(1876). III!'PopularScienceKeview,'newser.vol.i.p.853,pi.x.
Hf ' Nature,' vol. xxxiii. p. 368 (1886). *** Ibid. p. 583 (1886).
fff'ModemClassificationofInsects,'vol.ii.p.4'22.
B
2 ORIENTAL CICADID.E.
described as "drums," but are really covering-flaps, or as they are generally called "opercula," in agreement with Stal and other writers. These opercula, in many genera, are by their length and structure most important factors in specific differentiation. The real drums or " tympana" are either seen above on each side near the base of the abdomen as in the Tibicciwue, or covered by the dilated or expanded lateral areas of the basal abdominal segment,* as in the Cicadince.
The females are provided with a remarkably developed ovipositor, by which they are enabled to pierce the branches of trees and there deposit their eggs. According to Westwood, the female deposits from five to seven hundred eggs, t but we have the statement of Dr. Hildreth that in North America the stock of eggs possessed by the female of Tihicen scptcmdecem " amounted to about one thousand." \ It may be here stated that it is proposed in this work to fully describe and figure all the species known or recorded from Continental India and Ceylon, the islands in the Bay of Bengal, Burma, Tenasserim, the Malay Peninsula, the length and breadth of the Malayan Archipelago, including, but not extending eastward of. New Guinea ; and Eastern Asia including China and Japan. It will be thus evident that this area, in a zoo-geographical sense, is a very arbitrary one, including the whole of the Oriental Kegion of Wallace, or the Indian Region of Sclater, § entering the Australian Region at New Guinea, and embracing the Japanese Subregion of the Palearctic realm. The Monograph thus embraces — literally — Oriental Cicadidae, and many genera can thus be more exhaustively treated than if a smaller, though more accurate, zoo-geographical region had limited our descriptive work. As regards the habits and life peculiarities of the Gicadidce, we lack much precise information. References to these sound-producing insects are naturally found in most books of travel written by authors to whom Nature has, at least, some kind of interest, but even in these the recorded facts can only be apphed to the members, or rather some individuals, of the group II belonging to a special locality, as specific, or even generic, distinctions can scarcely be expected to be recognised. Some attempt will be made to collate a number of these observations, and opportunity will be sought to diffuse them throughout the work in a more or less geographical manner as opportunities arise.
The general impressions of Cicadan music are naturally varied. Darwin, when at ■■■'IfollowStalinconsideringthisasthebasalsegmentoftheabdomen,thoughMr.Woodworth,inarecent"Synopsis ofNorthAmericanCicadidse,"describesthe"secondabdominalsegmentofthemale"asbeingexpanded.—'Psyche,' vol.V.p.67(1888).
\'ModernClassificationofInsects,'vol.ii.p.425.
*SillimAmer.Journ.1830,p.49.—AsDarwinhasadmurablyputit,"tlierealimportanceofalargenumberof eggsorseedsistomakeupformuchdestructionatsomeperiodoflife;andthisperiodinthegreatmajorityofcasesisan early one."—' Origin of Species.' §AddressdeliveredtoBiol.Sect.Brit.Association,Bristol(1875).
ilEventhisisnotalwaysthecase.Thuswefrequentlyfind,inbooksoftravel,referencestogi-asshoppers,when cicadasareevidentlytheinsectsintended.Butperhapsthe"reductloadabsurdnm,'mtinsrespect,isreachedbyan anecdotegiveninthatstillcharmingnarrativeofCapt.Cook:-"Oneoftheseamenwhohadbeenramblmgmthewoods toldusathisreturnthatheverilybelievedhehadseenthedevil;wenaturallyenquiredmwhatformhehadappeared,and hisanswerwasinsosingularastylethatIshallsetdownhisownwords:-'Hewas,'saysJohnaslargeasaone-gaUon ke-,andveryhkeit;hehadhornsandwings,yethecreptsoslowlytlu-oughthegi-ass,thatifIhadnotbeenafeard^Imight havetouchedhim.'Thisformidableapparitionweafterwardsdiscoveredtohavebeenabat—■'TheVoyagesoiCapt..Jas. Cook'vol.i.p.234.OurmodernpoetsarenowevenchangingtheEnglishname;thus,inMr.AlhnghamsFlowerPieces andotherPoems,'justpublished,andinwhichsomeearlier-publishedpoemshavereceivedanewediting,'Cicadadrunkwith dropsofdew,"hasbecomeatettix,andweread"0Tettix,"and"OmyTettis,"whereformerlyappeared,';Cicadaand "dearCicada."But,oh,mirahiledictu!areviewerofthesepoemsdefendsthename"Cicadaagainstiettix,asthough less onomatopoeic, being more pleasant, and long since " the EngUsh way of naming this grasshopper:'
ORIENTAL CICADIDJE. 3 Botofogo Bay, thought the "ceaseless shrill cry," when softened by distance, "not unpleasant";* in the Himalayas, Mr. Middlemiss describes the "deafening roar" from the rhododendron-trees, like the "whirr of large machinery; "t and Dr. Hildreth states that the "countless multitude" of Tibiccn .scptemdeccin, Linn., filled woodlands and orchards with a "continual singing or scream," from sunrise till evening, so loud that in a calm morning "the sound was heard a full mile."]; Nor must we omit the testimony of Virgil, whose utterances, once more made classic in the pages of Kirby and Spence, describe the Italian species "as bursting the very shrubs with their noise "§ — " Et cantu querul^ rumpent arbusta cicadfe" (Georg. iii. 328). || As regards the classification of the Cicadidre, we are, as in many other groups of Rhynchota, much indebted to the work of the late Dr. Stal,1[ and there can be little doubt that his proposed classification, according to our present knowledge, is a sound one, and is and will be generally followed, if not entirely adopted by most students of the family. In fact, without the " Illative Sense," as propounded by Cardinal Newman, it is difficult to frame a very different one, and with some modifications, and supplemental proposals, it is adopted here. It appears that two divisions or subfamilies can be well differentiated : — Male. Tympinia entirely or in (jreat part corered hi/ the dilated or expanded lateral arena of the basal ahdominal segment.** ------- Cicadin^. f-Y Male. Tympana entirely or in greater part uneovered. ----- Tibicenin^,^. ''>' Subfam. CICADIN^.
In this subfamily I include thirteen genera, and from these I have been obliged to eliminate many species hitherto thus generically treated, and to incorporate some which seem to have been unnecessarily divorced. The following synopsis will, however, best explain the generic views here followed. In the differentiation of the species, good structural characters can generally be found. These, as a rule, exist in the length and shape of the opercula, and where they are unduly developed the greatest specific distinction occurs, as is the case with other organisms, as pointed out by Darwin. ft These specific differentiations in opercula reach their maximum in the genera Dunduhia and Cosinopsaltria, and the structure of the face, or in some cases the length of the rostrum, are also important factors in the discrimination of the species. Colour differences alone, without coincident structural departure, are treated as varietal and not specific diflerences.
Before proceeding further, it will probably be well to explain the nomenclature here used to represent the different anatomical divisions and other specialized forms of structure which are principally used in the diagnosis of genera and species ; in other words, that portion * 'Voyage of the Beagle,' 10th edit. p. 'iU. + ' Nature,' vol. xxxiii. p. 583 (1886). { Sillim. Amer. Journ. 1830, p. 48. § Ivirby & Spence, ' Introd. to Entomol." 7th ed. p. 500. !]Libanius,inhisfuneralorationupontheEmperorJulian,withtheloftyrhetoricusedontiioseoccasions,exclaimed, "Wheneveracessatiunofbusinessoccurred,afterbreakfastin;:;justsutficienttosupportlife,hewasnotbeatenbythecigale, butthrowinghimselfuponpilesofbooks,hesungaway."—'JuliantheEmperor,'King'strauslat.p.17G. *\ Hem. Afr. vol. iv. p. 1 (1866). ** See fig. 1, on, p. 4.
ft.\bintheopercularvalvesofsessileCirripedes(rockbarnacles),butthesenotonlyshowspecificdistinction, sometimes"whollyunlikeinshape,"butvaryintheindividualsofthesamespecies('OriginofSpecies,'6thedit.p.120).