94 ORIENTAL CICADID^.
Body robust and moderately long. Head broad with the front only moderately produced, including eyes about as broad as the pronotum at its posterior margin ; ocelli about twice the distance from eyes as from each other ; face moderately convex and tumid. Pronotum with the lateral margins moderately ampliated, but neither toothed nor spiued. Anterior femora distinctly and moderately spined. Metasternum not or very slightly elevated, but not provided with a posterior process as in Gryptoiympana. Tympana covered ; opercula of variable length, generally short, but sometimes about two-thirds the length of the abdomen, their apices broadly convex. Tegmina with the basal cell generally longer than broad ; apical areas eight, interior ulnar area slightly widened at apex.
This genus has an almost world-wide distribution. In America it is well represented in both the Nearctic and Neotropical regions ; in the warmest parts of Europe it is not uncommon, and its name frequently forms the theme for song among the classical poets of antiquity ; the Ethiopian region possesses few species of Cicada ; but in Asia it again becomes a somewhat dominant genus, and it is also found in Australia. I have described a fine species from the Fiji Islands,* and we may probably conclude that it is not generally absent from Polynesia. A. Tegminaspotted.
a. Opercula extending to two-thirds or half the length of the abdomen. b. Abdomen ornamented tvith longitudinal series of whitish pilose spots. 1. Cicada leechi.f (Tab. XIIL, fig. 2, a, h.)
Cicada IcYchi, Distant, ' Entomologist,' vol. xxiii. p. 90 (1890). <y . Head black ; the eyes, apex and base of front, and a triangular spot on anterior margin of vertex greenish-ochraceous. Pronotum castaneous ; the anterior, posterior and lateral margins, a narrow central longitudinal fascia, and two small basal spots ochraceous ; these ochraceous margins and spots more or less edged with black, the posterior margin crossed by three black bands — one central and one near each lateral angle. Mesonotum black, with two broken linear ochraceous obconical basal spots, the lateral margins and the basal cruciform elevation — excluding centre and apices — also ochraceous. Abdomen black, with two slightly oblique white macular fasciae on each lateral area ; outer margins of the tympanal coverings ochraceous. Body beneath, legs and opercula dull ochraceous, the sternum greyishly pilose ; the lateral striations to face, the outer margins of coxae, inner margins of anterior and intermediate femora, and the extreme apices of tibiae and tarsi black.
Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation pitchy ; tegmina with the costal membrane pale greenish, the transverse veins at the bases of the second and third apical areas broadly infuscated, and those at the bases of the fifth and seventh areas narrowly infuscated ; the bases of the wings narrowly pale greenish.
The opercula are long, — about extending to two-thhds the length of the abdomen, — overlapping internally, their outer margins moderately concave, their inner margins slightly convex, their apices angularly rounded.
Long. excl. tegm. <? , 38 millim. Exp. tegm. 105 to 110 millim.
Hab. — China: Wa Shan and Chia Kou Ho (Pratt — coll. Dist.).
Besides the bright and peculiar markings of this species, the unusual length of the opercula affords a very distinctive character for specific differentiation. "-Cicadakuruduadua,Dist.Trans.Ent.Soc.1881,p.645;andinWaterhouse,'Aidident.Jus.'tab.100. •fNamedafterMr.J.H.Leech,towhoseinitiativetheChinesezoologicalexplorationsofMr.Prattaredue,andto whose kindness I am indebted for the Cicadidce thus collected.
ORIENTAL CICADIDM. 95 bb.Abdomennotornamentedwithlongitudinalseriesofspots.
2. Cicada bihamata. (Tab. XII., fig. 8, a, h.)
Cicadahihumata,MotscLulsky,EtudesEntomol.18C1,p.2-1.
S . Head black ; a spot at base of front, tbe anterior marginal angles of VL-rtex, and a spot a little before posterior margin of eyes, ochraceous ; ocelli and eyes dull ocbraceous. Pronotum castaneous, its margins ochraceous ; a central black fascia containing a lanceolate ocbraceous spot and with a wide basal spot of tbe same colour ; lateral margins inwardly and posterior margin inwardly and outwardly black, tbe posterior marginal angle and an oblique spot just before it also black. Mesonotum black, with two* discal angulated ocbraceous fascim united at anterior margin ; tbe lateral margins and the lateral sides and angles of the basal cruciform elevation ochraceous. Abdomen above blackish castaneous; apical segments centrally marked with ochraceous. Body beneath blackish, a spot on anterior margin of face, a marginal spot between face and eyes, lateral margins of the prosternum, legs, opercula and segmental margins, ochraceous; legs with some blackish markings.
Tegmina and wings pale hyaline. Tegmina with the venation ochraceous and fuscous; basal cell almost— sometimes partly— black ; transverse veins at the bases of the second, thu-d, fourth, fifth and seventh apical areas infuscated ; base of claval area ocbraceous. Wings with tbe base narrowly ochraceous. The opercula about half, or a little more than half, the length of the abdomen, are divergent, with their apices broad, and convexly rounded, their outer margins concavely sinuate and black at outerbasalmargin.
Long. excl. tegm. ^ , 33 miUim. Exp. tegm. 8.S millim.
Hab.— Japan (Pryer & Lewis— coll. Dist.) ; Tokoe (coll. Dist.).
aa.Operculashort.
c.Abdomenornamentedwithlongitudinalseriesofwhitishpilosespots.
3. Cicada sinensis. (Tab. XIII., fig. 3, a, h.)
Cicada sinensis. Distant, 'Entomologist,' vol. xxiii. p. 90 (1890).
$ . Head and pronotum greenish ochraceous ; head with a broad black fascia between the eyes ; pronotum with two short narrow discal black fasciae near anterior margin and a black band across the posterior margin near- each lateral area. Mesonotum castaneous, with a central tri-lauceolate greenishochraceous spot with the surrounding area black, a lateral black fascia on each side outwardly margined with greenish-ochraceous, the centre and apices of the basal cruciform elevation black. Abdomen black, with two longitudinal and slightly oblique macular white fascia on each lateral area; outer margins of the tj-mpanal coverings ochraceous. Body beneath pale ocbraceous, thickly clothed with greyish jiile ; legs greenish-ochraceous.
Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation greenish inwardly, fuscous outwardly ; tegmina with the costal membrane ochraceous and its outer margin pale sanguineous, the transverse veins at the bases of the second and third apical areas infuscated; extreme bases of the tegmina and wings pale sanguineous. The opercula are short, not extendmg beyond the basal segment of the abdomen, convexly rounded externally, and slightly overlapping at their inner margins.
Long. excl. tegm. <J and ? , 29 to 32 millim. Exp. tegm. 80 to 85 millim. Hab.— China : Chia Kou Ho (Pratt— coll. Dist.).
B. Tegmina clear and unsjxitted.
a. Opercula about half the length of the abdomen.
4. Cicada coronata. (Tab. XII., fig. 11, a, b.)
Cicada coronata, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. iii. p. 52 (1889). <7 . Body above ocbraceous ; anterior margin of front, a broad transverse fascia at base of head, extending between and bebmd tbe eyes, a narrow fascia near lateral margins of pronotum, and a small
96 ORIENTAL CICADID.E.
central transverse linear spot at base of same, four obconical spots at anterior margin of pronotum (the central pair smallest), an irregular spot in front of cruciform elevation, and anterior margins of abdominal segments, black. Body beneath and legs ochraceous ; opereula ochraceous, with the lateral margins greyish and with a black spot at inner apical angles ; abdomen beneath with the anterior segmental margins,theapicalsegment,andapexofabdominalappendage,black. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation ochraceous and fuscous ; tegmina with the costal membraneochraceous,thepostcostalareafuscous.
The opei-eula are long and overlapping at inner margins, their outer margins slightly concavely sinuate, their apices convexly rounded ; the rostrum reaches the posterior coxas. Long. excl. tegm. <? , 28 millim. Exp. tegm. 74 millim. Hab.—Malayan Aechipelago : Sumatra (Van Lansberg—Leyden Mus.). 5. Cicada ochracea. (Tab. XII., fig. 13, a, h.) Ftdiciim ochracea. Walker, List Horn. i. p. 99, u. 82 (1850); Still, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Fcirh. 1862, p. 481. Cicada ferrifera. Walk. List Horn. i. p. 115, n. 21 (1850). BmiduUafasciceps,Stal,Ofv.Vet.-Ak.Forh.1851,p.242. Cicadafuscipes,Stal,Berl.Ent.Zeit.1806,p.171.* (? . Body, above warm ochraceous ; anterior margin of head black. Body beneath and legs much palerthanabove.
Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation ochraceous. Opereula about half the length of the abdomen, their inner margins overlapping, their apices convexly rounded;rostrumnotquitereachingtheposteriorcoxae. Long. excl. tegm. 3 , 25 to 27 millim. Exp. tegm. 70 to 75 millim. Hab. — China (Stockh., Calc. and Brit. Mus.). Formosa (coll. Dist.). This is a very distinct and easily recognised species of Cicada ; the uniform ochraceous colour of the body, and the deep black anterior margin of the head, render specific doubt impossible.
C). Cicada tagalica. (Tab. VI., fig. 8, a, h.) Cicada {Chrcmisticaj taijalica, Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1870, p. 714, n. 2. " Dilute olivacea ; fascia lata verticem fere totum occupante, fronte inter rugas, basi vittaque media exceptis, fascia genarum, loris, basi excepta, lateribus clypei, rostro apicem versus, vittis sex, lateralibus obliquis, disci antici thoracis, maculis quattuor oblongo-obtriangularibus anterioribus, lateralibus ultra medium extensis, lituraque litteram T reversam (x) simulante discoidali scutelli, dorso abdominis, apice coxarum posteriorum, vitta trochanterum, femoribus anticis subtus, tibiis apice superne, tibiis anterioribus interdum fere totis, tarsis totis vel basi et apice nigris; tegminibus alisque vitreis, interdum obsolete subinfuscatis, venis olivaceis, apicem versus obscurioribus, vena postcostali, raro ulnari, postcostali, interdumetiamcostaposteriusnigris;segmentodorsalianalimarisolivaceo-flavescente." $ . Operculis distincte nounihil longioribus quam latioribus, retrorsum sensim distincte angustatis, apicesubsemicirculariterrotundatis,propebasincontiguis,baudtamenvalvantibus,deinsensimdivaricatis, olivaceo-flavescentibus,intusssepiusnigricantibus." " Long. 29, lat. 12, exp. tegm. 90 mill."
Hab. — Malayan Archipelago : Philippine Isles (Semper — Stockh. Mus.). I am indebted to Dr. AuriviUius for the opportunity of figuring this species, and I have thought it best to reproduce the principal part of Stal's original description. =■= Still here refers to Dumluhia fuscipes, Stal, which is evidently a misprint for Dunduhiafascicejjs, Stal.
ORlENTAi.CICADID>E TAB.V
U:tiI'•*./^''>-i^i.i}:\>/f.'
ORIENTAL ClCADin-C. TAB DC ■■^;^!n£S.'*}'<"-«'
ORIENTAL CICADIDM. 97:
aa. Opcrcnlii not half the length of the abdomen.
7. Cicada pontianaka. (Tab. V., fig. 7, a, h.)
Ciaitid jiimtidnohi, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. scr. 0, vol. i. p. 298 (1888). Head ami thorax above dark ochraceous. Head with the front laterally striated with black; vertex with the area of the ocelli and the lateral areas black. Pronotum with two short, central, black fascire at base, which widen anteriorly to behind the eyes ; the posterior margin olivaceous. Mesonotum with two central obconical spots, between which is a central spot widened at base and a curved spot on each lateral area, all black. Abdomen above dark castaneous, shaded with pitchy suffusions and sparingly and palely pilose. Body beneath ochraceous ; femora and tibia; tinged with castaneous, — excluding apices of femora and bases of tibia?; opcrcula pale castaneous, the margins palely pilose. Abdomen beneath dark castaneous, the margins palely pilose.
Tcgmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation dark brownish ; tegmina with the apical area shaded with bronzy reflexions ; the costal membrane castareous, excepting apical half, which is black ; base greenish, transverse veins at bases of second and third apical areas narrowly infuscated. The face is somewhat flat and deeply transversely striate, excepting a central, longitudinal, levigate line ; the rostrum just passes the intermediate coxse ; the opercula do not extend beyond the basal abdominal segment, have their lateral margins somewhat straight, their inner margins very slightly overlapping,andtheirapicessomewhatbroadlj'rounded.
Long. excl. tegm. ^ , 32 millim. Exp. tegm. 97 millim.
Hab.— Malay Peninsula: Perak (Doherty— coll. Dist.). Malayan Archipelago: Sumatra (Leyden Mus. ; Bock— coll. Dist.). Java (Piepers— Lejden Mus.). Borneo: Pontianak (Bruss. Mus.) ; Kina Balu Mt. CWhitehead— coll. Dist.). Sulu Islands : Job (coll. Dist.).
The females of this species seem to be universally much smaller than the males. 8. Cicada germana. (Tab. VII., fig. 2, a, h.)
Cicada genmva, Distant, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genoa, ser. 2a, vol. vi. p. 457, t. iv. f. 3, «, h (1888). Allied to C. pontianaka, Dist., but differing by the much paler coloration, the abdomen above testaceous blackif-h at base, and with a somewhat obscure narrow central longitudinal dark fascia; tegmina and wings pale hyaline with bluish reflexions, the first with the costal membrane greenish, and the transverse veins at bases of second and third apical areas not infuscated as in C. pontianaka. This species also differs from C. pontianaka by the rostrum only reaching the intermediate cosse and by the more tumid and less strongly striated face.
Long. excl. tegm. <? , 30 millim. Exp. tegm. 85 millim.
Hab. — Burma: Teinzo (Fea — Genoa Mus.).
9. Cicada polyhymnia. (Tab. XII., fig. 4, a, b.)
Fidicina polyhi/nmiii. Walker, List Horn. i. p. 94 (1850).
"Body ferruginous; head nearly as broad as the fore-chest, adorned with two irregular and interrupted black bands, one on the crown, the other on the face, which is rather prominent and very convex; mouth tawny with a black tip, reaching the hind-hips; eyes prominent ; feelers black : fore-chest a little narrower before than behind; furrows, sides and hind border of the scutcheon blackish; bindscutcheon pale ferruginous, nearly as broad in the middle as on each side, where it forms two obtuse angles ; scutcheon of the middle-chest adorned with three very broad obconical pitchy stripes; hind border very slightly excavated : abdomen obconical, pitchy, longer than the chest ; hind borders of the segments ferruginous : opercula close, pitchy ; drums tawny, large, meeting beneath, less than half the length of the 2c
•98 ORIENTAL CICADIDM.
abdomen : legs tawny ; feet and fore-shanks pitchy ; claws black ; fore-thighs armed with three pitchy teeth, two of which are large and one extremely small."
"Wings tinged with tawny; fore border ferruginous as far as the brand, pitchy from thence to the tip ; veins black, ferruginous at the base ; primitive areolet, fore membrane, flaps at the base and along part of the hind border tawny."
" Length of the body 14 lines ; of the wings 42 lines."
Hab. — Malayan Archipelago : Philippine Islands (Cuming — Brit. Mus.).
The type of this species contained in the collection of the British Museum is alone known to the writer, and is here figured.
13. Cicada viridis. (Tab. XII., fig. 19, a, h.)
Tettit/oiiia viridis, Fabricius, Syst. Rhyng. p. 39, n. 28 (1803), excl. syn.* Cicada bimaculata, Oliv. Enc. Meth. v. p. 756, n. 46 (1790); Germ.' Then. Ent. Arch. ii. p. 7, n. 84 (1830); Germ. SUb. Eev. Ent. ii. p. 61, n. 13 (1834); Stal, Berl. Eut. Zeit. x. p. 171 (1866). Cicada atrovirens, Guer. Voy. Coq. Ins. p. 182 (1830).
Cicada viridis, Stal, Hem. Fabr. ii. p. 5, n. 1 (1869); Dist. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. ix. p. 325 (1892). Cicada {Chremistica) viridis, Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1870, p. 714, n. 1. Dundubia mixta, Kirby, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. vol. xxiv. p. 128 (1891). ^ . Body above dark castaneous. Head with the base and striations to front, a broad fascia between eyes, widened at ocelli, hinder margins of eyes, and anterior angles of vertex black. Pronotum with two central fasciae outwardly angulated anteriorly and posteriorly, and the furrows, black ; lateral and posterior margins dull, dark ochraceous. Mesonotum with a large semi-lanceolate spot, its base in front of cruciform elevation and gradually narrowed to anterior margin, on each side of this two obconical spots (the innermost smallest, the outermost broken), and the posterior lateral margins black. Abdomen with discal transverse segmental black fasciae, and with a large greyish-white tomentose spot on each side of the second segment. Head beneath, sternum, legs and opercula pale ochraceous ; abdomen pale castaneous, the margins of the abdominal segments narrowly pale ochraceous; rostrum (excluding base), anterior tibiae and tarsi, the apices of the intermediate tibiae, and a transverse fascia at base of abdomen, black. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation greenish and fuscous ; tegmina with the costal membrane greenish, the postcostal area blackish, basal cell nearly totally pale greenish, a small basal spot and the inner margin to clavus, black.
The opercula are very small, overlapping at centre, and not passing the basal abdominal segment. Long. excl. tegm. 3' , 30 millim. Exp. tegm. 80 to 85 millim.
Hab. — Ceylon (Green — Brit. Mus.). Malayan Archipelago : Java (Guer.) ; Philii^pine Isles (Semper —Stockh.Mu&.).
This species has a superficial resemblance to the Australian Psaltoda harrisi, Leach. Species hnouii at lyrcsent hij the female sex only.
11. Cicada elopurina. (Tab. XII., fig. 5, a, b.)
Cicada elopurina. Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. i. p. 297 (1888). 2 . Body above castaneous. Head with a fascia across front, a spot near base of antennae, the area of the ocelli, and a spot behind the eyes black. Pronotum with two central black fasciae, the posterior margin more or less olivaceous. Mesonotum with two central, incurved, black spots starting from anterior margin, between which is a black fascia crossing the whole of disk ; beyond the central incurved spots is a *"PatriaAmerioammeridionalemincorrect!citatFabricius."—Stal(Hem.Fabr.ii.p.5).