APPENDIX 509 broadly, and of the S narrowly, banded, with ashy hairs at the apex. Halteres palHd with a brownish knob. Legs pale yellow, with the knees and apices of the hind tarsal joints fuscous. Wings smoky in the <? , yellowish in the 2 . Length. — 2h to 3 lines.
Habitat. — Europe.
De Geer also gives a long account of the life history of this species, I. c.
APPENDIX.
Pig. 5. 1, Wing of An. imlcUerrimus, Theob. ; 2, Wing of An. Bancroftii, MS. name ; 3, Wing of An. metaboles, Theob, ; 3a, 3b, 3c, Variations in the arrangement of dark and light scales in its large middle spot ; 4, An. Gambice, MS. name ; 5, Wing of An. Christophcrsi, Theob. ; 6, Venation of Wing of Limatus. Durhamii, Theob. ; Ga, Scale arrangement on ant. br. II ; 6b, on post. br. IV ; 6c, halter ; 6d, metanotum ; 7, Venation of Wing of Hoemagogus cyaneus ; 7a, Palpus and base of its proboscis. During the short interval that lias elapsed since the sheets of the Brit. Mus. Monograph have passed the stage of "paged proof," a considerable number of additional new species have come to hand. The bulk of these are Culicinge, and amongst these are certain very beautiful Taniorrhynchi with prominently spotted
510 GNATS OR MOSQUITOES wings, the males of which might possibly be mistaken for AnopJieletes by anyone unaware of the existence of these new " dapple-winged" mosquitoes.
To undertake the task of working out the whole of this new material would involve great delay, but with the view of bringing up to the latest possible date the record of the genus Anopheles, descriptions of the following live additional species are subjoined, together with the diagnosis of an additional new genus [Limatus) closely allied to Trichoprosopon. Certain of the new Anopheletes are the subject of some excellent work recently reported to the Malaria Committee of the Eoyal Society by Drs. Christophers and Low. The numbers preceding the names of the subjoined species, indicate the position they should take in the synoptic table of the genus.
3a. ANOPHELES PULCHERRIMUS, Theob. " R.S., M.C. Wings with the costa white at the base and black at the apex, with its intervening portion about equally divided between three each of black and white patches involving the aux. and I, in addition to two small black basal dots ; the other veins mainly white-scaled, but there are black dots near the end of each longitudinal branch, besides two additional black lengths on VI, and some dots about the cross-veins ; internal fringe, mainly white, with short black interruptions opposite each cell. Last three hind tarsal joints, and all but the base of the second, white ; upper three of the fore and mid tarsals, with rather broad, pale apical bands. Femora and tibiae mainly white-scaled, more or less elaborately spotted black. Thorax black-grounded, rather densely clothed with large, fusiform white scales. Abdomen shaggy, with densely placed, mixed black and white scales, arranged so as to show narrow but distinct black basal bands and to form strong lateral tufts to the hinder border of the segments.
$ . — Head black-grounded, with its curved and forked scales alike white, and a dense white frontal tuft ; palpi brown, the last joint white except at the very base, and the next three joints with narrow pale apical bands ; antennae black, with scanty pale verticils, and clothed for the most part of their length with white scales. Pleurae marbled brown and white. Venter densely white-scaled. Length. — About a mm. Habitat. — Lahore, Punjab, India.
Note. — This species is closely allied to the Fharoensis group, but its long white hind feet separate it from its allies in the artificial classificationadoptedforthegenus.
APPENDIX 511 16a. ANOPHELES BANCROFTII, MS. name.
Wings intensely black, with a single minute white interruption of the costa opposite the middle of the fork-stems, and a slightly larger patch of white on the apex ; there are two good-sized white lengths on VI, and scattered white scales on some of the other veins, but none of them are numerous enough to catch the eye, except under considerable magnification ; though the internal fringe shows distinct white interruptions at each longitudinal junction except that of VI. Last joint of hind feet rather pale brown, the remaining tarsal joints with more or less distinct, but minute apical pale bands. Thorax and abdomen alike blackgrounded, and rather densely clothed with long, golden-brown hairs.
Head black-grounded, with a rather scanty, pale brown frontal tuft, and the scales of the vertex and nape, both curved and erect forked, rather darkly tinted ; appendages of head mrifornily sooty and very hirsute. Pleurse marbled with black, and pale golden-brown. Halteres sooty, except at the pallid bases of their stems. Venter sooty. Length. — About 7 mm.
Habitat. — Bupengarry, Queensland.
Note.— Much resembles An. harbirostris, V. der AVulp, but differs in the imier part of the wing being altogether darker and more densely scaled, in the second pale spot bemg absolutely on the apex in place of being sub-apical, and in the bandmg of the tarsi being much less obvious. In reality the form is, I think, more nearly allied to An. atratipes, Skuse.
20a. ANOPHELES GAMBIA, MS. name.
Wing with the costa dark at the apex and base, with three yellowish interruptions, the two outer of which are nearly as large as the intervening dark portions, while the innermost is barely larger than a fourth basal dot ; the part of the sub-apical dark spot which lies on I, is subdivided by a white spot ; remaining long veins with the pale portions preponderating, but all with much black ; internal fringe with narrow pale interruptions at all but the sixth long junction. Upper three fore tarsal articulations pale banded ; mid and hind legs with three apical bands, very indistinct in the latter, the last two joints being all black. Thorax dark-grounded, with scattered yellowish-brown, broad, fusiform scales. Abdominal segments dark, densely clothed with long golden hairs, but nude of scales.
5 . — Head black-grounded, with the scales of vextex and a strong frontal tuft whitish, the nape black-scaled ; palpi black, the last joint
512 GNATS OR MOSQUITOES and apex of the next yellowish -white, and with narrow apical pale bands on the next two joints; antennae dark, unhanded, the basal and the next two or three joints with numerous white scales. Length. — About 4 mm.
Habitat.— '^\\e Gambia Valley, West Africa.
25a. ANOPHELES METABOLES, Theob. (" E.S., M.C."). Wing with the costa dark at the base, pale at the apex, with three whitish interruptions of the dark costa (involving aux. and I), and two large basal dots ; of the former, the two outer are larger than the intervening dark portions ; the junction of the largest dark and light spots is opposite the cross-veins, while the innermost are of small size ; remaining long veins mainly whitish, with subterminal and a few other black dots ; internal fringe with broad white bands at the longitudinal junctions. Tarsi, with narrow but distinct yellowish bands on the articulations. Thorax, dark brown-grounded, densely clothed wnth whitish scales, but without any prominent markings. Abdomen dusky, unhanded, fairly densely covered with brownish-white scales, which, however, are nowhere accumulated into tufts. Tibiae and femora, irregularly mottled with dark brown and golden scales.
Head dark brown, with a fairly dense frontal tuft of hairs, which look parti- coloured m certain lights ; scales of nape white, those of the flatscaled lateral patches rather dark ; antennae banded m most lights, with scanty verticils, and clothed almost to the end with white scales, intermixed with a few black ones ; palpi black, very hirsute, especially at the base ; a narrow white ring on the second articulation ; and the last two joints whitish, but for a dai'k band on the base of the last joint. Halteres with black knobs, showing dense patches of large creamy scales. Length. — About 3 mm.
The details of the distribution of dark and pale patches have been found to vary greatly, even in specimens reared from the same batch of eggs, the portion of the spot which is placed on I, being either all dark or variously interrupted with dark and light spots (vide fig. 51, 3a, 3b, 3c). Habitat. — Lahore, Punjab, India.
29a. ANOPHELES CHRISTOPHERSI, Theob. (" E.S., M.C."). Wing yellow at the very apex, but black at the base, with four yellow interruptions (involving aux. and I) less than half the lengfcli of the intervening black portions of the costa, and placed at fairly even distances ; the external of the two middle pale spots extends obliquely inwards over the cross-veins, and the remaining long veins are variegated with black and yellow lengths, the former preponderating towards the costal, and the
APPENDIX 513 latter towards the inner margin ; internal fringe dark, with the apex yellow, and pale interruptions of the same tint at all but the sixth longitudinal junction. Tarsi golden-brown, with mixed golden and umber-brown scales, so arranged as to give faint indications of pale articular banding. Thorax (denuded) yellowishbrown. Abdomen dusky, with some powdery whitish tomentum, and numerous pale brown hairs.
$ . — Head black, with a scanty yellowish frontal tuft and a large triangular patch of broad, yellowish-white curved scales on the. vertex; nape with black curved, and erect forked scales ; palpi dusky at the base, but for a narrow whitish ring on the second articulation ; the last two joints impure white, rather darker on the articulation between them, and just at the tip ; about as long as the proboscis ; antennsE black, with scanty dark verticils and much white lanugo. Pleurae marbled with dark and lighter brown. Halteres with pale stem and darker knob. Length — x\bout 2 mm.
Habitat. — The Dowars, India.
LIMATUS DURHAMII, Theob. fjen. et. sp. nov.
(Monog. II, p. 349).
This genus is allied to Trichoprosopon, the metanotum being provided with bristles and scales, and is separated from its neighbours by all parts being clothed with uniformly flat scales, mostly rounded at their free ends. The proboscis is not very long, but is much swollen at the tip, the ? antennae very small, and with the usual single verticils. The venation of the wing is much as in typical Culex.
In the one known species the wings are unspotted, the veins densely clothed with nearly black, round-ended scales, some of those near the ends of the inner long veins being rather elongated. Tarsi and legs generally, nearly black. Thorax densely clothed with flat, round-ended scales of two sizes, mostly of a lustrous violet-black, but with a marking of rich golden scales in front, arranged so as to form a "broad arrow"; the very large prothoracic lobes uniformly golden-scaled. Abdomen metallic-violet, with triangular basal lateral patches especially well marked on the hinder segments ; the first segment mainly ochreous.
2 . — Head with dark bronzy and golden flat scales, white at the sides ; cephalic appendages, uniformly nearly black ; the palpi apparently three-jomted and very small, barely extending beyond the clypeus. Scutellum densely covered with flat, purple scales and golden marginal bristles; pleurae mainly silvery white. Metanotum golden brown- 33
514 GNATS OR MOSQUITOES grounded, ■with three pairs of large, and a number of small bristles behind, and a dense patch of golden scales in the middle. Halteres uniformly dark purple-scaled, the knob bilobed. Venter uniformly densely golden-scaled. Length. — 3 to 3'5 mm.
Habita I .—Fa,vix, Brazil.
CoRitECTiON. — The receipt of further specimens, bred out from the egg, has shown that the species described as Megarhina Gilesii, Theobald, is really the female of that noted as M. imviisericors, Walker, but that the species really belongs to the genus Toxorijnchitcs, so that both should stand as Toxoryncliites immiscricors (Walker).
515 INDEX (GENERAL).
The principal reference to each subject is hidicated by heavier type. Abdomen, dissection of, 92 ; decoration of, 263; nomenclature of, 46; of imago, 7, 12, 90, 139 ; of larva, 46, 60, 62, 64; of pupa, 67; section of (illust.), 91.
Ac'arus on An. maculipennis, 151. .^dcs, larva, 58, 130 ; number, 239 ; palpi of, 87 ; scales, 259. JEdomlna, 255, 333 ; characters of, 256; sub-family, 475 ; wing scales of , 260.
^domyia, clypeus of, 258 ; wing scales of,260.
African CidicidcE, \is,i of, 247, 248. Ague, see Malaria.
Air, influence of, 172 ; temperature, effects of, on gnats, 113.
Alaj cordis, 70.
Alula, 16.
American, Central, Cuhcidce, list of, 245; North, CulicidcB, list of, 244; South, CulicidcB, list of, 245. Anal cell, 16, fig. 4, p. 14 ; tubercles of larva, 46 ; vein, 16.
Anatomy of digestive system of imago, 73, plate illustrating, to face p. 95, chap. vi. , on, 76 ; of larva, plate illustrating, to face p. 39; chap, iii., on, 40 ; of pupa, plate illustrating, to face p. 65 ; chap, v., on, 66. Anopheles, amended definition, 283 ; and malaria, see malaria ; appendages,8;arrangementofcross-veins, 287 ; bite of (Aitkeu's experience), 145 ; check on over-population, 19 ; disappearance of, 141, 142, 145 ; egg to imago, 134 ; eggs, 124, 125, 261 ; food, 145, 146 ; fork-cells, 283 ; host of parasite, 156 ; hybernation of larva, 135 ; identification, 228 ; in captivity,30; larva, 41, 42, 58,60, 116, 120, 121, 122, 128, 130, 134, 143, 144; 169, illust., 130 ; mouth of, 85, 86, named by Meigen, 19 ; new species, 510 ; number, 239 ; pool, 120, 121 ; position of resting, 139; pupa, 129, illust., 130 ; tank (illust.), 203 ; voice, 146, 284 ; wing, illust. of, see Wing. See also malaria.
Anophelina, 255, 338 ; characters of, 256,280.
Antennae of Deinokerides, 261 ; of imago, 10, 79, 139 ; of larva, 43, 58, 61, 63 ; of pupa, 10, 66, 73 ; of West Indian sp., 242, 261.
Antennal joint, second, length of, 262. Antimalarial influence of town life, 204.
Aorta of pupa, 70, 71.
Apical, 12.
Apparatus for breeding larvae, 28 ; for breeding mosquitoes, 22 ; for keeping mosquitoes in captivity, 30, 32.
Appendages of mosquito, 76 ; names of, 264 ; pupa, 66.
Appliances for observation, chap, ii., on,19.
Arctic Culicidce, list of, 238. " Argo," sickness on, not malaria, 170. Armature of Culicidce, 7.
Asiatic Culicidce, list of, 250. Aspiratory vesicle, 102 ; illust., 104, 105.
Atmospheric pressure and malaria, 165.
Auditory function of halteres, 82 ; organs of mosquito, 80, 89. Australian Culicidce, list of, 250. Axillary incision (of wing), 16; vein, 16.
516 GNATS OR MOSQUITOES B.
Balancers, see Halteres. Basally lighter banded, 12, 13. Bermuda, Culicidcc of, 251. Big wood mosquito, 341. Biting and air temperature, 137 ; by Anopheles, 285 ; by females, 114, by insects, 4 ; by Megarliina, 26G ; not by males, 115 ; precautions against, 216, 225 ; remedies, 234. Black cotton soil, characters of, 17(!. Blood parasites in mosquitoes, 152 ; method of experimenting on, 37. Blow-fly's tongue, 81. " Borrow pits " beside an Indian railway,199, illust., 198 ; Celli on, 199. Brachial vein, 16.
Brachycera, 2.
Brackish water, Culex larvse in, 133. Brain of larva, 52 ; of mosquito, 97, 106. Breeding grounds for mosquitoes, chap, viii., on, 152 ; of mosquitoes, 22, 30, 40,142.
Breeding-out insects, apparatus for (illust.), 29.
Brindled inosquitoes, 145, 395. Bristles of larvse, 41, 43, 60, Gl, illust., 42.
British IMuseum collection, 240, 241. Buccal bulb, 85, 96 ; cavity, 96, 100. C.
Callus humeralis, 11. Campagna, mosquito proof cottage in (illust.), 227.
Canada, Culicida in, 244. Canals, effects of, 185, 191 ; inundation, 194.
Canine filariasis transmitted, 311. Cantus oris, 10.
Capitulmn labii, 10.
Captivity, mosquitoes in, apparatus for keeping, 30, 32.
Capture of mosquitoes, 21. Castor-oil plant, 179. Caudal extremity of An. Rossii, parasites on (illust.), 150.
Caudal tufts, 268.
Ceiling cloth, 228.
Cells of wing, 16. illust., 14. Ccratopsgon,5.
Cervix, 9.
Chiks, 228.
China, Culicidce in, 250. Chironomidce, 3, 5, 63. Chitinous appendices, (illust.), 77. Chordotonal function of hairs of antenna, 80, 89.
Chylific ventricle, 102. Circulatory system in imago, 106 ; in pupa,70.
Clasping membrane, 125. Classification of Culicidce, chap, x., on,. 254 ; of mosquitoes, 119, 137. Claws, tarsal, 78.
Climate, influence of, 143, 160 ; table of various localities in India, 160. Clothing in tropics, 231, 232. Clypeus, character of, 262, illust., 42, 257 ; nude, 258 ; of imago, 10 ; of larv£e, 44, 58, 61, 129. Coccidia of malaria, 70. Cold, influence of, 143. Collare, 11.
Collecting and preparing Culicidce^ chap, ii., on, 19 ; larva, 118. Collum, 11.
Gonchyliates, legs of, 78. Corethra, appendages, 2 ; eggs 127 ; genus, 500; larva, 58, 60, 63, 116, 130, 131 ; number, 239 ; organs of hearing, 56 ; pupa, 64, 130 ; wing, 6. Corethrinn, 255 ; characters of, 256, 500.
Costa,14.
Costal cells, 15.
Cotton soil, 170.
Coxa, 16, 88.
Crab burrows, habitat of Dcinokcridcs, 242,261.
Crepuscular mosquitoes, 137. Cross-veins of Anopheles, 287; wing, 15. Crystalline larvae, 63. Cubital vein, 16.
Culex, eggs, 124; larvse, 36, 42, 46, 52, 58, 60, 61, 117, 130, 131, 169 ; metauotum, 259 ; number, 239 ; palps, 333 ; position of resting, 139 ; respiratory system of larva, 45. Culicidce, 7, 73 ; classification of, chap. X., on, 254 ; distribution of, chap, ix., on, 237 ; monograph on, by Mr. Theobald, 240.