354 GNATS OR MOSQUITOES — CHAPTER XIII ground colour, unadorned. Abdomen brown, with marked broad apical ferruginous bands in both sexes. Proboscis with a broad yellowish band beyond the middle. Wmg-length 4-5 mm. $ , 4 mm ^ . This species is remarkable for the fact that, while the long veins of the male carry a quite characteristic armature of bracket-shaped scales, in those of the ? , it much more resembles that of a Culex, only a part of the anterior veins showing a few unsymmetrical scales, and those ill marked. The head is clothed with yellowish scales ; the ? palpi are one-thhd the length of the proboscis, dark, with a faint yellow band at the base of the short end- joint ; and those of the c? nearly black, with a long yeUow tip and four other bands of the same colour, the largest of which is exactly opposite the broad ferruginous band just beyond the middle of the proboscis. The halteres are pale yellow. The venter impure yellow throughout. In the wings the white scales rather preponderate. The thighs are very uidistmctly marbled rather than banded. In the female there is a broad pale band on the middle of the lirst tarsal jomts, in addition to its basal band, on the hind, and in its absence, in the other two pairs of legs, the two last jomts of these legs not being perceptibly banded. The pale band on the proboscis is sharply defined in front, but shades off behind into the darker base. Lengtli. — 4*5 to 5 mm. Habitat. — Appears to occur aU over India, and also in the Straits Settlements ; I found some in Shahajahanpur, N.W.P., for a few days early in October, after which it disappeared.
4. PANOPLITES AMAZONENSIS, Theob. (Monog. II, p. 182). Wings unspotted, but brindled, the dark scales greatly preponderating, except in the rank of short scales of the inner fringe, where they are about equal in numbers.
Thorax dark brown, the front of the mesonotum covered with bright golden-brown scales. Abdomen dark brown, unhanded, with yellow and grey scales on the lateral borders, and a patch of white scales on the apex of the first segment. Legs brown, bases of the tarsal joints basally pale-banded, yellow on the fore and mid, white on the hind legs ; ungues equal and simple. ? . — Head black, with a few curved dull golden scales, a small white patch on each side, a pale boi-der to the eyes and numerous black upright forked scales ; palpi rather shorter than in most members of the genus, bemg barely a third the length of the proboscis, covered with loose black scales, with a few grey ones dotted about ; proboscis brown, with a small white band beyond the middle, and with yellow scales dotted over the basal half ; antennae black, with narrow clear white rmgs, basal joint black, with yeUow scales, second joint black, with black scales. Thighs and tibiie very dark, not banded, but brindled with a few pale scales. The basal bands of the first tarsal joints are so narrow as to
GENUS PANOPLITES 355 be barely perceptible, but all the other joints of the hmd, the next three of the mid, and the next two of the fore legs show fairly distinct bands. The last two joints of the mid tarsi are much paler than the other feet. Length. — 4"3 to 5 mm.
Habitat. — Lower Amazon, taken in January.
4a. PANOPLITES, Sp., resembling G. (Ochlerotatus) confirmatus, Arribal.
1 received from Dr. Lutz, along with specimens of the abovementioned species, a form much resembling P. Amazonensis, but certainly distinct. It is in too rubbed a condition for description, and all that can be said at present is that it so resembles Arribalzaga's species that the two are practically indistinguishable until the wing is placed beneath the microscope. I figure, however, the peculiarities of the wing with the view to its early recognition and the collection of further material (Plate xiii, fig. 5a, Venation of wing ; 5b, Leptotaxis of wing vein ; 5c, Ungues 3' ).
It will be seen that the long scales associated with the characteristic bracket-shaped scales are exactly like those of the Tceniorhyuchi, so that the species may in a certain sense be said to be intermediate in character.
5. PANOPLITES AUSTRALIENSIS, Theob. (MS. name). Wings unspotted but brindled with dark and light scales, the latter greatly preponderating ; the dark ones, however, are numerous on the costa, but the inner rank of fringe scales are all white. Thorax with the mesonotum and scutellum testaceous, thickly beset with golden-yellow narrow curved scales and long bristles. Abdomen deep purple-brown with a large triangular patch of ferruginous scales on the terga of the first two segments, extended as an ill-defined lighter line to the apical segments, the last two of which are mainly dark ferruginous. Legs with the femora and tibiae obscurely banded with dark brown and ferruginous scales ; the tarsi are all wanting in the single, much mutilated type, except those of the fore legs, which have a narrow basal band to the first and very broad yellow ones to the next three joints.
5 . — Head nearly black, covered throughout with golden forked and narrow curved scales ; palpi rather pale golden, with a few scattered brown scales, especially numerous at the base, and a small tuft of white ones at the tip, less than one-third the length of the proboscis, which is
356 GNATS OR MOSQUITOES— CHAPTER XIII golden on its basal two-thirds and black on the distal third, the separation of the two tints being sharply defined. Venter dusky, the bases of the segments of a somewhat paler ferruginous brown. Halteres with ferrugmous stems and dusky knobs. Length, — About 4'5 mm. Habitat.— Burpengary, Queensland.
G. PANOPLITES ANNULIFERA (MS. name), (Walker). = Cnlcx annulipes, Walker ; Culex annulifera, Walker (MS.) ; (Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. i, p. 5 [1857], Wlk.).
Plate xiii, fig. 8, Hind leg, to show banding. Wing unspotted, but brindled with dark and light scales, the latter greatly preponderating, the former most numerous in the middle of the wing towards the base. Thorax tawny yellow, with four snow-white round spots, and a dark line running backwards from the postei'ior border of the two anterior spots ; an indistinct fifth white spot may also be present. Abdomen with white scales laterally, and forming bands across the segments, last three segments with many white scales. Legs yellowish-brown, all the joints with many white bands. There being six alternations on each of the femora and an additional band in the middle of each first tarsal joint, all the tarsal joints are basally banded except those of fore and mid legs, which possess only the median band.
5.— Head clothed with brownish-golden scales and long goldenbrown hairs ; eyes black, with a silvery border ; palpi yellowish-brown, with a few scattered dark brown scales ; apex snow-white ; antennae brown, with pale bands ; proboscis black for the distal third of its length, changing abruptly to pale ferruginous, except the very base which shades off to a darker tint. Wings with 2 || 3, but angulated, 4 widely' internal. This species is much paler than P. dives, Schiner, and can hardly be mistaken for any other Indian species, the multiple bandmg of the whole length of the legs being most characteristic. Length. — 4 to 4*5 nnn. Habitat.— Madras, Quilon, Travancore, Behar, Dacca, Bengal. 7. PANOPLITES DIVES, Schiner.
= Culex dives, Schiner ; Culex new, Doleschall (?) ; (Raise der Novara, p. 31, Schiner ; Natuurkundig. Tijdsch. v. Ned. Ind. xiv, 383 [ = nero], Doleschall ?).
Wings unspotted but brindled with light and dark scales, the latter greatly preponderating, especially along the costa ; the short inner rank of fringe scales all black. Thorax very dark brown, with dark coppery scales, with six bright greenish-white spots. Abdomen blackish, the antepenultimate and penultimate
GENUS PANOPLITES 357 segments with white-scaled lateral patches. Legs long, black, banded white, including the femora and tibiae, the contrast of colouration being much more marked than in P. annulifera, though the mid legs are less obviously ornamented. In these and in the hind legs the first tarsal joints have a median as well as a basal ring and the next two joints have also basal white rings, while in the fore only the upper two or three joints have distinguishable basal bands.
? . — Head blackish, with long black forked scales, with some scattered white ones, and with ten long bristles projecting in front ; eyes brilliant purple and pale bronze towards the middle ; antennae with basal joint dark, base of first to fourth joints banded white, remainder brownish-purple ; palpi yellowish-brown, thickly clothed with dark scales near the apex and white ones at the extreme tip ; proboscis with dusky purple scales at the base, then a yellow band, and then more dusky scales, whilst the tip is yellow scaled and has also some golden hairs. It differs from C. annulifera in all the innermost rank of fringe scales being black. Length. — 3-8 to 4*5 mm. ( 2 ).
Habitat. — Selangor, Straits Settlements (very common) ; Singapore, Batavia. Time of capture. — At Selangor, in September. 8. PANOPLITES AFRICANUS, Theobald (Monog. II, p. 187). Plate xiii, fig. 6, Palpi and proboscis of female. Wings unspotted, very dark, showing but little brindling, there being but few pale scales, the short inner rank of fringe scales being also all black. Proboscis with a median broad and narrow apical yellow bands. Thorax dark brown, ornamented with narrow golden-brown and silvery scales, the silvery ones forming more or less two spots on the mesonotum and occurring on each side of the posterior half of the thorax. Abdomen dark brown, the basal segments with basal median yellow spots, the apical segments with yellow apical bauds ; there are also white apical lateral spots ; venter pale, with creamy scales, apex often mostly white scaled. Legs dark brown, banded and mottled with white. The femora and tibiae showing about five or six white spots each. The hind tarsal joints are all usually white banded and the first joints have an additional median ring in all three pairs of legs, though the last two joints are all black in the fore and mid legs.
? . — Head brown, with narrow curved grey scales and flat white ones at the sides, a white border round the eyes and numerous long upright forked dark brown scales ; proboscis dark brown to almost black, with a broad median yellow band and a yellow band at the apex : palpi covered with dark brown scales, apex white scaled, and there is also a band
358 GNATS OR MOSQUITOES — CHAPTER XIII towards the base ; antennae brown, broadly banded with grey, the grey bands involving the base and apex of contiguous joints ; basal joint testaceous, second joint pale testaceous, with a few black scales ; clypeus deep testaceous. Halteres ochi-eous, with the knob a little darker. Length. — 4 to 4'3 mm.
Habitat. — Fort Johnston, British Central Africa; Chiromo, Lower Shire, British Central Africa; Lagos, also British Central Africa; Old Calabar.
8a. PANOPLITES AFRICANUS, var. Beversus (Theobald). Mr. Theobald separates the above form from the usual type of the species with which it is found associated. The yellowish scales on the wing largely preponderate, and the apical borders of all the abdominal segments are yellow. The thigh and tibiae are brindled but not distinctly banded, and on the hind legs the first tarsal joints have only a single median band. The dark tip of the proboscis is also shorter. Length. — 4'5 mm.
Habitat.— Zomba, British Central Africa.
GENUS X. T^NIORHYNCHUS, Arribalzaga (as modified by Theobald).
This genus is closely allied to Panoplites, the leptotaxis of the wing veins in certain species of that genus closely approachuig that of the present, while in many TcEniorhynchi certain of the scales are decidedly unsymmetrical, though they never quite assume the typical bracket-hke form. They may usually be easily distinguished by the wings never being brindled in the same way as is the case in all Panoplites, for though, in some species, there may be a few pale scales intermixed with the dark ones, they are never sufficiently numerous or sufficiently contrasted to give rise to doubt. The female palpi closely resemble those of Panoplites in their general appearance, but are always shorter, seldom exceeding one fourth the length of the proboscis, which is usually, but not necessarily banded. As at present constituted the genus contains but one of the members of Arribdlzaga's old group. In distribution they closely resemble Panoplites, with which, indeed, they are often found associated. The most typical species are all of a pecuUar honey-yellow tint, but two or three are more sombre insects. Mr. Theobald's definition of the genus is as follows, the essential generic character being that the veins of the wiogs are densely clothed with long obovate scales.
PLATE XTIL 1, Janthinosoma Lutzii, Theobald ; 2, J. Arribdlzagce sp. n. ; 3, Panoplites uniformis, Theobald ; 4, P. titillans (Walker) ; 5, Panoplites, sp. n. {pseudoconfirmatus) ; 6, P. Africanus, Theobald ; 7, P. pseudo-titillans, Theobald ; 8, P. anmdifera (Walker) ; 9, Tcsniorhijnchus fulviis, Wied. ; 10, T. Amiettii, Theobald; 11, T. fasciolatufs, Arribdl. ; 12, T. Richardii. Picalbi ; 13, T. Agcr, Theobald ; 14," various forms of wing scales in TceniurJiyncliUK.
Hoe p.
338.
GENUS T^NIORHYNCHUS 359 " Palpi long in tlie $ , short in the $ ; the fifth joint in the ? minute, hidden among the scales of the next joint ; ^ palpi longer than the proboscis, third joint long ; head clothed with narrow curved scales and upright forked ones ; thorax and scutellum with narrow curved scales ; abdomen with flat scales ; wings clothed with elongated oval scales, ending either diagonally and convexly, or more or less bluntly pointed, no median linear scales to the veins ; legs spotted and banded ; ungues of female equal and simple, of the male unequal in the fore and mid legs, the larger one with one or two teeth, the smaller simple, the hind claws also simple; wings with similar venation to Culex" Table of the Species of the Genus T^NIORHYNCHUS. Yellow and Orange Species. A. Legs banded.
a. Ungues serrated in $ and $ . Thorax yellow, with four purple marks on each side ; abdomen yellow, with metalUc purple apical bands to second to fifth segments ; ungues of 5 equal and serrated ; of $ unequal, uniserrated 1 coriopa'S(Frauenfeld). aa. Ungues simple in 5 .
Thorax brown with creamy-yellow scales, a brown patch on^each side in front ; abdomen dark with yellow basal bands 2 Annettii, n. sp. Thorax clear yellowish-brown in front, with narrow yellow ciurved scales in mid line darker behind ; abdomen ochreous yellow ; J tarsi pale brown with broad yellow apical bands 3 /^ZDZts (Wiedemann). flavicosta. Walker.
Thorax golden - yellow, abdomen golden-yellow ; hind tarsi dark ... 4 aurites, Theob. AA. Legs unhanded.
Thorax golden-yellow, metallic in front ; abdomen orange-yellow, first four segments apically purple 5 acer (Walker). Thorax bright ochreous with two deep purphsh patches behind ; fork-cells short ; abdomen purple with ochreous tarsal bands 6 brevicellida, Theob.
360 GNATS OR MOSQUITOES — CHAPTER XIII Sombrely-tinted Species.
a. Thorax ornamented.
^. Legs banded.
Thorax witli median paler line covered with golden scales, and two pale-scaled lines in front and behind 7 fasciolatiis (Arribalzaga).
Thorax chestnut-brown with small golden scales ; abdomen dusky yellowish-brown, with scattered yellow scales and pale lateral spots 8 Bichardii (Ficalbi). Thorax dark brown, with pale golden scales on the front two-thirds, black on the remainder 9 /enaa?, Theob. Thorax brown with golden scales, white over ''roots of wings and a pale line on each side of a bare space in front of scutellum ; pale abdommal bands apical 10 (((jer, Theob. aa. Thorax unadorned.
Thorax very dark, abdomen with pale apical bands 11 Fcrtuvhcmsiy^aXkev). 1. TiENIORHYNCHUS CONOPAS (Frauenfeld). (Verhand. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien. xvii, 451 [1867].) Wings unspotted, very densely clothed with long obovate scales of an uniform yellowish-brown colour, the scales being perhaps the most characteristic of any species. Tarsi dark brown with pale basal bands. Thorax golden-yellow with four dark purple patches on either side. Abdominal segments indistinctly basally pale banded. The 2nd to 5th being metallic purple at the apices. Generally yellow throughout. Tarsal claws serrated in both sexes.
J . — Head densely covered with curved golden-yellow scales and a very few brown upright forked ones ; eyes black below, with silvery sheen above ; palpi clothed with yellow scales, a few black hairs ; antennae yellowish at the base, pale brownish towards apex, faintly- pale banded ; proboscis dark yellow, black at the apex. Scutellum pale yellow in the middle, dark purple laterally. Pleurae and coxa' pale yellowish with three black lines. Legs bright ferruginous with the apices of the joints darker, especially on the fore pair. Wings longer than abdomen. Venter