GENUS ANOPHELES 311 Habitat. — Italy, West and Central Africa, India, Madras, and Central Provinces. This species has been shown by Grassi to be the commonest transmitter of human malaria in Italy, and also by Grassi and Noe to be the intermediate host in canine filariasis. 21. ANOPHELES ROSSII, Giles (First edition, p. 149). Plate ix, fig. 11a, Wing of ? ; lib, Venation of ^ Wing ; lie. Tarsal claws of (? .
Wing with the costa pale at the apex and base, but generallyblack, interrupted by two large yellowish spots opposite the forkcells, and just in front of the cross-veins respectively ; the black area, next internal to these is very large and is T-shaped, owing to the presence of a short length of black upon II, beneath the middle of the thrice longer area on the costa and auxiliary ; internal to this there are only three minute white dots ; there is a row of sub-ap cal black dots on every one of the long veins, and three or four others, and the fringe is yellow at the tip, and has pale patches at all the longitudinal junctions, except that of VI. Tarsi with yellowish rings on all but the last articulations of the fore and mid legs. Thorax deep brown, with, in the fresh state, a dorsal, tun-shaped patch of velvety, pale cinereous bloom. Abdomen dusky, nude, densely clothed with goldenbrown hairs.
? . — Head blackish, with pale scales in front, and with a tuft of pale hairs projecting forwards, black scales at the top and sides ; eyes black ; antemiEE brown, with pale hairs and pubescence ; basal joint ochreousbrown, with a few creamy scales ; proboscis dark brown, apex sometimes pale ; palpi dark scaled, apically white, and with two other pale bands near the apices of the second and third joints ; clypeus pale brown. (J . — Palpi swollen at the end, yellow, with a broad black band at the base of the second joint, a broad black band at the base of the third, and a small one near the apex of the same joint, and a narrow ring of black at the base of the last two joints ; hair tufts short, pale ; the base of the palpi densely black-scaled ; proboscis dark brown, pale at the tip ; antennae with silky, golden-brown plumes. Wings marked much as the ? , but in many «? 's, especially in those from South India, there is a small additional spot beneath the second costal spot, besides the one forming the T, and in a few 2 's I have noticed the same. Professor Grassi regards this as identical with his An. superpictus, but there are few species more easily distinguished. According to Dr. Daniels it does not carry the tertian crescent stages of the malarial parasite. Length. — From 4*6 mm. ^ to 6 mm. ? .
Habitat. — Common throughout India.
312 GNATS OR MOSQUITOES — CHAPTER XII 22. ANOPHELES LEUCOPHYRUS. Donitz.
(Insect. Borsp, Jan., 1901, p. 37.)
Fig. 44. — Wing of An. It'iicojiliyrus, Donitz, 2 (diagrammatic). Wings with the costa yellowish at the very apex, but generally black, interrupted by six narrow yellow intervals, the two larger of which are placed opposite the transverse veins and the middle of the anterior fork-cell respectively ; of the remaining four, two are large basal dots, and the remaining two take the form of a good sized spot placed opposite the fork of V, subdivided into two by minute black dots on the costa, aux., and I. All the long veins show alternate lengths of ferruginous and dark brown scales ; the wing fringe is dark with pale interruptions at the longitudinal junctions, the black patch opposite the anterior fork-cell being specially prominent. Tarsi dark brown with yellow bands on the articulations, including the tibio-tarsal ; ground colour of thorax light yellowish-brown, with a narrow median dark line expanding behind into a triangular patch before the scutellum and with an indistinct round expansion a little in front of this, with a pair of irregular double spots well to the sides In the front of the thorax there remain some yellow scales. Abdomen nude in its present condition, rather light grounded, with an indistinct darker median line. J .- Head dark brown, with nearly black scales on the nape, and a scanty yellowish frontal tuft ; proboscis nearly black with a sharply defined whitish apex. Palpi nearly black, very densely scaled at the base, with yellowish apex and two indistinct yellowish bands. Pleurae black, indistinctly marbled with grey. Legs mottled with patches of black ferruginous scales, venter fuscous. Halteres light brown, with darker mottling. Length. — About 6 mm.
Habitat. — Sumatra.
23. ANOPHELES KUMASII, Chalmers ("Lancet," Nov. 1900). Wings with the costa black, with three yellowish spots on the outer two thirds of the costa, and with numerous black spots on the otherwise yellow-scaled long veins. Tarsi with yellowish rings on the articulations. Thorax slate-coloured, with two dark
GENUS ANOPHELES 313 lines dorsally and another pair laterally. Abdominal segments dark, nude, blacker on their hinder borders.
Extract from original description : — " A small black Mosquito. The female is small, 3*5 millimetres in length and having wings three millimetres long. The head is black with light-coloured hairs ; the antennse have light-coloured joints ; the palpi are black with three yellow marks ; and the proboscis is black except at the apex. The wings have the four black spots on the costal margins separated by yellowish spaces. Of these spots the first is the longest, extending along about one-third of the costal margin, and the other three are much smaller. The legs are in general dark coloured ; the femora are not yellowish at the base, and the tibiae are not yellowish on the outer side. The tarsi are ringed distally and proximally. The male is much the same as the female. Its length is four millimetres, and the length of the wing is three millimetres. Its habitat is in dwellinghouses in Kumasi, Ashanti, West Africa."
24. ANOPHELES ANNULIPES, Walker.
^ An. vmsicus, Skuse.
(Ins. Saund. i, p. 433 (1850), annulipes. Walker ; Proc. Linn. See. N.S. Wales, p. 1754 (1889), inusicus, Skuse.)
Plate ix, 3a, Wing of ? ; 3b, Wing of <? .
Wing with the black costa interrupted by three smaller white spots (the outermost of which is wanting in the ^ ), and the pale base marked with two black dots in both sexes. There is also a ferruginous apical spot and all the veins of the wing field are elaborately beaded with black dots. The upper tarsal joints are all more or less apically light banded, but the last two are all dark ; all the femora and tibiae elaborately white banded. Thorax dark with white scales, leaving indistinct, anterior median, and oblique, posterior lateral, bare lines. Abdomen sooty, nude, but for golden-brown hairs.
Head black, with scanty frontal tuft and the fork scales of nape black, but a triangular tuft of those on the vertex white. Palpi of 2 snowy in front, impure white at the base ; the joints with four narrow, but sharply defined basal black bands, a trifle shorter than proboscis in both sexes ; those of J brown, with indistinct patches of whitish or grey in corresponding situations to those of 2 . The anterior border of the thorax has a striking tuft of long, white, lanceolate scales, especially well marked in the 2 • Pleurae and coxae mainly brown, with some greyish marbling. Halteres with snowy stems and brownish knobs. The brilliant black and white beading of all parts of this species is very striking. The first tarsal joints of the 2 fore legs alone have a
314 GNATS OR MOSQUITOES— CHAPTER XII band in the middle, but the tibia and femora are the most striking part of the legs in this respect. Length. — 5 to 6 mm. Habitat. — Bupengary, Queensland ; Elizabeth Bay, near Sydney ; Mt. Kembla, Illawarra, N.S.W.
Time of appearance. — In Queensland in December (Bancroft) ; in N.S. Wales in February (Skuse).
25. ANOPHELES MASTERSI, Skuse.
[Proc. Liun. Soc. N.S. Wales, p. 1757 (1889).] Plate ix, lig. 4a, Wing of ? ; 4b, Wing of 3.
Wings with the black costa interrupted by two small but obvious spots and by a pair of minute dots midway between the outer and larger spot and a ferruginous apical spot. The absolute base is white and there are also two minute white dots near it. Except in the fore legs the apical banding of the tarsal joints is barely perceptible and in all three legs the first metatarsal as well as the femora and tibia are elaborately spotted. Thorax black with silvery scales. Abdomen nude with goldenbrown hairs.
This species closely resembles An. annulipes, especially in the head and body, but the light wing spots m the females are much smaller in the present species, the outermost one in the J being represented only by a pair of mimite white dots in place of the prominent spot so situated in that species : in the S , on the other hand, the outer spot is much the larger in An. Mastersi. They are, however, I think, quite distinct. Length. — 4-5 mm. 3' and J .
Habitat. — Bupengary, Queensland (Bancroft, December 5, and May 8 and 29, 1899) ; Blue Mountains, N.S.W. (Masters). " Observations. — Very like and closely related to the former, but the $ can easOy be told from An. annulipes by the proboscis being paler at the tip. It is also smaller in size, and Skuse sa.ys that the sub-costal transverse vein is placed considerably beyond the middle of the auxihary vein, whilst in An. annulipes it is situated in the middle." — (Monog. I, p. 165.)
26. ANOPHELES SQUAMOSUS, Theobald (Monog. I, p. 167). Plate ix, fig. 6a, Wing of 5 ; 6b, Lateral view of thorax ; 6c, Portion of the abdomen.
"Wing with the costa black, including apex and base, with three small spots involving I. and two large basal dots, nearly as large as the spots, but involving the costa only ; II. entirely black, the other long veins about equally divided into white and black lengths ; fringe black, except at the apex, and at
GENUS ANOPHELES 315 two or three of the anterior longitudinal junctions. Tarsal joints, with the upper two of the fore and mid and the upper four of the hind legs apically white banded. Thorax black with irregular lines of white scales ; the pleurae with three brilliant white, parallel, longitudinal lines. Abdomen black, densely clothed with scales, which are so dense at the sides of the posterior borders of the segments that they project as conspicuous tufts. Head black, a few of the anterior forked scales white ; palpi deep brown, densely hirsute, with three indistinct whitish bands. Legs with the femora and tibiae banded and mottled with patches of white scales. The characters of this species are so striking and exceptional, that it can hardly be mistaken for any other except An. Pharcensis, which wants the pleural stripes, or for An. ocellatus, in which the lateral tufts of the abdomen are ventral, and not dorsal in origin, and the thoracic spots are too prominent to be easily overlooked. Length. — 5 to 5-5 mm. Habitat — Mashonaland, and British Central Africa. 27. ANOPHELES OCELLATUS, Theob. (Monog. I, p. 174). Plate ix, fig. 5a, Wing of J ; 5b, Dorsum of thorax. Wings quite hyaline, with the white costa interrupted with four obvious black spots, the largest just inside the transverse veins, and between it and the next an additional black dot. There are only eight or ten long black dots on the long veins, and the internal fringe is cream-white, interrupted by half-a-dozen patches of white scales. Last hind tarsal and apex of next whitish. In the fore legs the last three joints are all dirty white but for a faint darkening of their bases. All other tarsal joints apically banded whitish. Thorax straw-coloui'ed, with a patch of velvety grey bloom on the dorsum and three black spots, one in front of scutellura and the others lateral. Abdomen greyishbrown, with yellowish hairs and dense tufts of long scales projecting from the sides, even when viewed from above, but springing from the ventral surface.
Head with fawn ground and strong white frontal tufts, the fork-scales of vertex white, but those of the nape bluish, while the lateral patches of flat, imbricating scales are of a rich brown ; palpi fawn at the base and white for their apical halves, the latter poi-tion showing two distinct but narrow black bands and the basal three, but less sharply defined ; proboscis deep brown at the base, fading off to rich ferruginous on its apical half, near the tip of which is a tiny black band. Abdomen deep brown, densely clothed with ferruginous hairs and scales. Venter densely clothed with ferruginous hairs : the posterior borders of the segments clothed with dense tufts of elongated scales, with broad obovate ends, a character which, taken in conjunction with the dense clothing of scales
316 GNATS OR MOSQUITOES — CHAPTER XII on the terga of the abdominal segments and the fact that the antennal joints are densely clothed with white scales almost to the end of the appendage, may possibly prove to be of generic importance. In such case the new genus, which might perhaps be named Leptocornis, would include, m addition to the present species, An. ocellatus, and An. pharoensis with its new variety, An. albojiinbriatas. Length. — 3 mm. Habitat. — Taipang, Perak, Straits Settlements (L. Wray, November 22nd and December 21st, 1899).
" Observations.— A very distinct and beautiful pale species, easily told by the two clear, dark, eye-like spots on the thorax, the dark area of the scutellum, and the much banded legs and tarsal markings. Described from two J 's only."
28. ANOPHELES GIGAS, sp. n.
Plate X, fig. 2a, Wmg of ? ; 2b, Wing of 3 .
Wing with the costa black, interrupted by a comparatively small, fulvous spot opposite the basal half of the anterior forkstem, in addition to which there is a large apical spot, and the base of the wing is generally pale, except the actual ba^e of the costa, which has here a black length cut in two by a minute white dot, so that the general appearance is that of two large black, triangular areas, with their bases on the costa, the inner part of the wing being mainly pale, with but few black veinspots ; the internal fringe is pale at the apex and generally towards the base, and the intervening dark portion shows pale patches at the longitudinal junctions. In the ^ , the whole wing is much lighter, there is an additional light spot near the apex, and the entire fringe is yellow. Thorax of a deep chocolatebrown ground colour, the dorsum covered with a velvety, greyish bloom, so arranged as to leave bare a median and a pair of lateral darker lines. Abdomen dark brown, with some lighter hairs, and showing on the terga some lighter tomentum, like that on the thorax.
? . — General coloration, deep chocolate throughout, the head with the vertex and frontal tuft yellowish ; antennae two-thirds the length of the proboscis, which is distinctly longer than the quite unhanded palpi. Halteres with pale stems and dark knobs.
(J .—Altogether lighter, the palpi golden-brown, with dense terminal tufts of hairs to the joints, about equalhng the proboscis in length. Most of the upper tarsal joints show (juite distinct lighter yellow apical bands, though tliey are quite imperceptible in the $ . His fore ungues, besides the usual accessory tooth, have a sti'ong additional one close to the base, representing probably the other claw, which appears wanting ; those of the mid and hind legs are simple and symmetrical. Length. — 9 to 10 mm.
GENUS ANOPHELES 317 Habitat. — Sent me by Dr. Price, I. M.S., Retd., of Conoor, Nehilgerri Hills, where the species is fairly common, though it does not appear to occur in the plains, Conoor lying at an elevation of over 6,000 feet above the sea level.
29. ANOPHELES CULICIFACIES, sp. n.
Plate ix, fig. 12a, AVing of ? ; 12b, AVing of ^ . Wings with the costa black, except at the apex, interrupted by four small straw-coloured spots, which are progressively smaller from base to apex, all involving the secoud long vein ; there is another distinct light spot over the cross-veins, and three more on the principal bifurcations of the long veins, but in the main, the wing is very dark, and the fringe shows no pale patches. Tarsi unhanded, nearly black. Thorax dark grounded, covered with yellow scales so arranged as to show a median and a pair of lateral dark bare lines. Abdominal segments conspicuously basally banded with yellowish, being in the fresh state completely clothed with yellowish and deep brown scales. Head black, with whitish fork scales on the vertex, but with the frontal tuft ill-marked ; antennae of ^ dark brown, about three-fourths the length of the proboscis, palpi of <? black, about the length of the proboscis, with yellowish rings on the two last articulations, and a lighter tip ; of 5 , black, except the whole of the last joint, and two bands on the next two articulations, which are straw-coloured, and as the penultimate jo'nt is long, the second band is well down towards the base. Legs black throughout, except a minute yellow band on the apices of the tibiae. "When seen at rest this mosquito presents a close resemblance to C. fatigans, Wied., as apart from the conspicuous abdominal banding, the female habitually sits, humped up, like a Ciilex, while even the males keep the body no more than parallel to the surface they rest on. Length. — 3-5 to 4 mm.
Habitat. — Hoshangabad, Central Provinces ; and the Bei'ars, India. 30. ANOPHELES PICTUS, Loew.
(Dipt. Beitr. (1845), Loew; Bull. Ent. Soc. d. Ital. xxviii, p. 232, Picalbi.) Wings with yellow spots, two prominent, and a third indistinct, on the dark costa. Tarsi not perceptibly banded in ordinary lights. Thorax dorsally grey, with five longitudinal black lines, dark brown laterally. Abdomen brownish. This species is evidently nearer An. funestus, mihi, than to the Sinensis group, but no specimens answering to the subjoined original description have reached the British Museum.
" Thorax dorsally cinereous, with five longitudinal black lines, between which the greyish-white shows ; in front of the scutellum which has the form of a transverse line, and is brownish-yellow, is a boat-
318 GNATS OR MOSQUITOES — CHAPTER XII shaped mark, which combines with the dark median line and reaches well out to the sides ; the grey colour of the upper part of the thorax is limited at the sides by a brown longitudinal line. In the middle of the sides of the glabrous thorax are brownish-yellow marks, which show white in certain lights, and are especially brilliant on the anterior and middle coxae. The head is ash-coloured, the margin of the eyes whitish, and the frons has a tuft of dirty white hairs in front. The antennae are brownish, with brownish hairs, which vary in colour from brownish to black, according to the direction of the light. The first joint of the palpi is brown and very short ; the second longer and densely covered with scales, especially at the base, so that it appears thickened ; its colour and that of the scales is brown, although the latter have a wh:tish lustre on the surface. The third joint is brown, longer than the second, slender at the very base, but thickened at the extremity, where it is furnished with a long tuft of iridescent brown cilia, the scales of which resemble hairs, and have a distinctly whitish lustre, especially on the second half on the internal and upper aspect, as also have the scales which clothe the second lialves of both the last joints, which are shorter, nearly equal in length, flattened, brown, fringed on its internal and upper part with brownish hairs, and the fourth joint with a tuft. The abdomen is flattened, brownish, with clear brownish hairs, shining white on the upper surface, and an obsolete, median blackish stripe. The last segment is entirely brown. The wings are hyaline, the vems and margins covered partly with white and partly with black scales, those of the internal fringe form alternate patches of white and brown. On the anterior margin are three large brown spots ; the first, which commences not far from the root of the wing, is connected with the second on the costa itself, although separated internally by a point of white ; the second brown spot, at its outer end, sends out a bow-shaped band over the transverse veins, concavity backwards, and is separated from the third spot by a small snow-white area, which lies adjoining, and upon the costal mai-gin itself ; the third spot is separated by a similar area towards the tip of the wing. In addition to these spots, the veins at the tip of the wmg are clothed with brown scales, though the fi-inge is there whitish. The other longitudinal veins have patches of brown scales, one on the middle of the sixth being especially distinct, but they do not form visible spots. Legs, having the tips of the tibia and of the three first tarsal joints showing, in certain lights, a yellowish lustre, which makes them look ringed ; the fore coxae are exceptional in that they taper towards the end instead of being of uniform width." Lenc/th. — 3 lines. Habitat.— Co'A,iit of Asia Minor, opposite Rhodes.
31. ANOPHELES FUNESTUS, Giles.
(Addendum I. Report of Liverpool Malaria Expedition). Plate X, fig. 3a, Wing of 3' ; 3b, Wing of ? ; 3c, ant. tarsal claws ^ 3d, head and appendages of 5 .
Wing spotted, with a very distinct apical spot, and three large ferruginous interruptions of the intensely black costa, which