Skip to content
EvidenceHelixEvidenceLib · Scientific Encyclopedia
⌘ K

Scientific library

EvidenceLib encyclopediaAll articles A–Z2,835
Books209
All textbooksMedical textbooksHuman anatomyOrganisms & biodiversityOther sciences
Open-access articles1,406Cancer study catalog458How it is made

My workspace this browser

Saved pages0Notes & annotations0

Recently viewed

Explore by field

Cancer and Oncology182Genetics and Genomics170Neuroscience185Cardiovascular Medicine180Immunology142Pharmacology173Molecular Biology161Infectious Diseases150Rare and Inherited Diseases181Clinical Research173Anatomy and Physiology613Drugs and Chemicals621Psychiatry and Psychology185Public Health and Nutrition178Diagnostics and Medical Technology125Respiratory Medicine113Digestive System and Liver91Metabolism and Endocrine Disease177Bones, Joints, Muscles and Skin213Kidney, Urology and Women's Health173Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat55
Plans & pricingCompare EvidenceHelix workspace plans
Library›Open textbooks›The epidemiology, management and impact of surgical wounds healing by secondary intention: a research programme including the SWHSI feasibility RCT›References

Continue where you left off ()

GO BEYOND THE PAGEReading is just the beginning.

Turn scientific reading into research. Compare studies, examine evidence, and organize your findings in EvidenceHelix Workspace.

Explore Research Workspace →

The epidemiology, management and impact of surgical wounds healing by secondary intention: a research programme including the SWHSI feasibility RCT · References

References

CC BY 4.0 · NIHR Journals Library · approximately 11 min read

  1. NHS Confederation. Key Statistics on the NHS 2016. URL: www.nhsconfed.org/resources/key-statistics-on-the-nhs. (accessed 11 June 2016).
  2. Norman G, Dumville JC, Mohapatra DP, Owens GL, Crosbie EJ. Antibiotics and antiseptics for surgical wounds healing by secondary intention. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016;3:CD011712. 10.1002/14651858.CD011712.pub2
  3. Vowden KR, Vowden P. A survey of wound care provision within one English health care district. J Tissue Viability 2009;18:2–6. 10.1016/j.jtv.2008.11.00319103490
  4. Srinivasaiah N, Dugdall H, Barrett S, Drew PJ. A point prevalence survey of wounds in north-east England. J Wound Care 2007;16:413–16, 418–19. 10.12968/jowc.2007.16.10.2791018065016
  5. Macfie J, McMahon MJ. The management of the open perineal wound using a foam elastomer dressing: a prospective clinical trial. Br J Surg 1980;67:85–9. 10.1002/bjs.18006702056988030
  6. Williams RH, Wood RA, Mason MC, Edwards M, Goodall P. Multicentre prospective trial of Silastic foam dressing in management of open granulating wounds. Br Med J 1981;282:21–2. 10.1136/bmj.282.6257.216778552
  7. Walker AJ, Shouler PJ, Leicester RJ. Comparison between Eusol and Silastic foam dressing in the postoperative management of pilonidal sinus. J R Coll Surg Edinb 1991;36:105–6.2051404
  8. Eldrup J. [Silastic foam dressing compared with mèche-treatment in open management following excision of a pilonidal cyst.] Ugeskr Laeg 1985;147:408–9.3883609
  9. Schmidt JM, Greenspoon JS. Aloe vera dermal wound gel is associated with a delay in wound healing. Obstet Gynecol 1991;78:115–17.2047051
  10. Vigier S, Casillas JM, Dulieu V, Rouhier-Marcer I, D’Athis P, Didier JP. Healing of open stump wounds after vascular below-knee amputation: plaster cast socket with silicone sleeve versus elastic compression. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1999;80:1327–30. 10.1016/S0003-9993(99)90038-210527096
  11. Agren MS, Ostenfeld U, Kallehave F, Gong Y, Raffn K, Crawford ME, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trial evaluating topical zinc oxide for acute open wounds following pilonidal disease excision. Wound Repair Regen 2006;14:526–35. 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2006.00159.x17014663
  12. Vermeulen H, Ubbink DT, Goossens A, de Vos R, Legemate DA. Systematic review of dressings and topical agents for surgical wounds healing by secondary intention. Br J Surg 2005;92:665–72. 10.1002/bjs.505515912490
  13. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Surgical Site Infections: Prevention and Treatment. Clinical Guideline: CG74. London: NICE; 2008.
  14. Dumville JC, Owens GL, Crosbie EJ, Peinemann F, Liu Z. Negative pressure wound therapy for treating surgical wounds healing by secondary intention. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015;6:CD011278. 10.1002/14651858.CD011278.pub2
  15. Sussman C, Bates-Jensen BM. Wound Care: A Collaborative Practice Manual for Health Professionals. 4th edn. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2011.
  16. Chetter IC, Oswald AV, Fletcher M, Dumville JC, Cullum NA. A survey of patients with surgical wounds healing by secondary intention; an assessment of prevalence, aetiology, duration and management. J Tissue Viability 2017;26:103–7. 10.1016/j.jtv.2016.12.00428049612
  17. Chetter I, Oswald AV, McGinnis E, Stubbs N, Arundel C, Buckley H, et al. Patients with surgical wounds healing by secondary intention: a prospective, cohort study. Int J Nurs Stud 2019;89:62–71. 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2018.09.01130343210
  18. National Research Ethics Service. Does My Project Require Review by a Research Ethics Committee? London: National Research Ethics Service; 2011.
  19. Office for National Statistics. UK 2011 Census: Usual Resident Population by Five Year Age Group, Local Authorities in the United Kingdom. Newport: Office for National Statistics; 2011.
  20. Public Health England. Protocol for the Surveillance of Surgical Site Infection. London: Public Health England; 2013.
  21. Ware J, Kosinski M, Keller SD. A 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey: construction of scales and preliminary tests of reliability and validity. Med Care 1996;34:220–33. 10.1097/00005650-199603000-000038628042
  22. Brooks R, Rabin R, De Charro F. The Measurement and Valuation of Health Status Using EQ-5D: A European Perspective. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 2003. 10.1007/978-94-017-0233-1
  23. Cleeland CS, Ryan KM. Pain assessment: global use of the Brief Pain Inventory. Ann Acad Med Singap 1994;23:129–38.8080219
  24. Schweikert B, Hahmann H, Leidl R. Validation of the EuroQol questionnaire in cardiac rehabilitation. Heart 2006;92:62–7. 10.1136/hrt.2004.05278715797936
  25. Mackeen AD, Berghella V, Larsen ML. Techniques and materials for skin closure in caesarean section. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;11:CD003577. 10.1002/14651858.CD003577.pub3
  26. Banwell PE, Musgrave M. Topical negative pressure therapy: mechanisms and indications. Int Wound J 2004;1:95–106. 10.1111/j.1742-4801.2004.00031.x16722882
  27. Cullum N Buckley H, Dumville JC, Hall J, Lamb K, Madden M, et al. Wounds research for patient benefit: a 5-year programme of research. Programme Grants Appl Res 2016;4(13). 10.3310/pgfar04130
  28. Saramago P, Claxton K, Welton NJ, Soares M. Bayesian econometric modelling of observational data for cost-effectiveness analysis: establishing the value of negative pressure wound therapy in the healing of open surgical wounds. J R Statist Soc A 2020; in press. 10.1111/rssa.12596
  29. Joint Formulary Committee. British National Formulary. London: BMJ Group and Pharmaceutical Press; 2014.
  30. Lunn D. The BUGS Book: A Practical Introduction to Bayesian Analysis. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Taylor and Francis Group; 2013.
  31. Dumville JC, Hinchliffe RJ, Cullum N, Game F, Stubbs N, Sweeting M, Peinemann F. Negative pressure wound therapy for treating foot wounds in people with diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;10:CD010318. 10.1002/14651858.CD010318.pub2
  32. Spiegelhalter DJ, Best NG, Carlin BP, Van der Linde A. The deviance information criterion: 12 years on. J R Stat Soc Series B Stat Methodol 2014;64:583–616. 10.1111/1467-9868.00353
  33. Apelqvist J, Armstrong DG, Lavery LA, Boulton AJ. Resource utilization and economic costs of care based on a randomized trial of vacuum-assisted closure therapy in the treatment of diabetic foot wounds. Am J Surg 2008;195:782–8. 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2007.06.02318355797
  34. Blume PA, Walters J, Payne W, Ayala J, Lantis J. Comparison of negative pressure wound therapy using vacuum-assisted closure with advanced moist wound therapy in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care 2008;31:631–6. 10.2337/dc07-219618162494
  35. Monsen C, Wann-Hansson C, Wictorsson C, Acosta S. Vacuum-assisted wound closure versus alginate for the treatment of deep perivascular wound infections in the groin after vascular surgery. J Vasc Surg 2014;59:145–51. 10.1016/j.jvs.2013.06.07324055512
  36. Biter LU, Beck GM, Mannaerts GH, Stok MM, van der Ham AC, Grotenhuis BA. The use of negative-pressure wound therapy in pilonidal sinus disease: a randomized controlled trial comparing negative-pressure wound therapy versus standard open wound care after surgical excision. Dis Colon Rectum 2014;57:1406–11. 10.1097/DCR.000000000000024025380007
  37. Medical Advisory Secretariat. Negative pressure wound therapy: an evidence-based analysis. Ont Health Technol Assess Ser 2006;6:1–38.
  38. Fenwick E, Claxton K, Sculpher M. The value of implementation and the value of information: combined and uneven development. Med Decis Making 2008;28:21–32. 10.1177/0272989X0730875118263559
  39. Office for National Statistics. Annual Mid Year Population Estimates: 2014. Newport: Office for National Statistics; 2015.
  40. McCaughan D, Sheard L, Cullum N, Dumville J, Chetter I. Patient’s perceptions and experiences of living with a surgical wound healing by secondary intention: a qualitative study. Int J Nurs Stud 2018;77:29–38. 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2017.09.01529031127
  41. Green J, Thorogood N. Qualitative Methods for Health Research. 3rd edn. London: Sage; 2014.
  42. Baker SE, Edwards R. How Many Qualitative Interviews is Enough. 2012. URL: http://eprints.ncrm.ac.uk/2273/ (accessed 7 November 2016).
  43. Ritchie J, Spencer L. Qualitative Data Analysis for Applied Policy Research. In Bryman A, editor. Analyzing Qualitative Data. London: Routledge; 1994. pp. 173–94. 10.4324/9780203413081_chapter_9
  44. McCaughan D, Sheard L, Dumville J, Cullum N. Nurses’ and surgeons’ views and experiences of surgical wounds healing by secondary intention: a qualitative study. J Clin Nurs 2020;29:2557–71. 10.1111/jocn.1527932279371
  45. Watret L. World Wide Wounds – Teaching Wound Management: A Collaborative Model for Future Education. 2005. URL: www.worldwidewounds.com/2005/november/Watret/Teaching-Wound-Mgt-Collaborative-Model.html (accessed 7 November 2016).
  46. Chase SK, Melloni M, Savage A. A forever healing: the lived experience of venous ulcer disease. J Vasc Nurs 1997;15:73–8. 10.1016/S1062-0303(97)90004-29238945
  47. Moffat C, Vowden P. Hard to Heal Wounds: A Holistic Approach. In Calne S, editor. European Wound Management Association Position Document. London, UK: Medical Education Partnership; 2008. pp. 1–17.
  48. Price P, Harding K. Cardiff Wound Impact Schedule: the development of a condition-specific questionnaire to assess health-related quality of life in patients with chronic wounds of the lower limb. Int Wound J 2004;1:10–17. 10.1111/j.1742-481x.2004.00007.x16722893
  49. Kinmond K, McGee P, Gough S, Ashford R. ‘Loss of self’: a psychosocial study of the quality of life of adults with diabetic foot ulceration. J Tissue Viability 2003;13:6–8, 10, 12 passim. 10.1016/S0965-206X(03)80025-612599984
  50. Gorecki C, Brown JM, Nelson EA, Briggs M, Schoonhoven L, Dealey C, et al. Impact of pressure ulcers on quality of life in older patients: a systematic review. J Am Geriatr Soc 2009;57:1175–83. 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02307.x19486198
  51. Briggs M, Flemming K. Living with leg ulceration: a synthesis of qualitative research. J Adv Nurs 2007;59:319–28. 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04348.x17608682
  52. Persoon A, Heinen MM, Van der Vleuten CJ, De Rooij MJ, Van der Kerkhof PC, Van Achterberg T. Leg ulcers: a review of their impact on daily life: financial, social and psychologic implications. J Am Acad Dematol 1994;31:49–53. 10.1016/S0190-9622(94)70134-2
  53. Herber OR, Schnepp W, Rieger MA. A systematic review on the impact of leg ulceration on patients’ quality of life. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2007;5:44. 10.1186/1477-7525-5-4417651490
  54. Ashby RL, Dumville JC, Soares MO, McGinnis E, Stubbs N, Torgerson DJ, Cullum N. A pilot randomised controlled trial of negative pressure wound therapy to treat grade III/IV pressure ulcers [ISRCTN69032034]. Trials 2012;13:119. 10.1186/1745-6215-13-11922839453
  55. ClinicalTrials.gov. Negative Pressure Wound Therapy for the Treatment of Chronic Pressure Wounds. URL: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00691821 (accessed 1 December 2016).
  56. Arundel C, Buckley H, Clarke E, Cullum N, Dixon S, Dumville J, et al. Negative pressure wound therapy versus usual care for surgical wounds healing by secondary intention (SWHSI trial): study protocol for a randomised controlled pilot trial. Trials 2016;17(535). 10.1186/s13063-016-1661-1
  57. Arundel C, Fairhurst C, Corbacho-Martin B, Buckley H, Clarke E, Cullum N, et al.. Pilot, feasibility randomized clinical trial of negative pressure wound therapy versus usual care in patients with surgical wounds healing by secondary intention. BJS Open 2018;2:99–111. 10.1002/bjs5.4929951633
  58. Ritchie J, Lewis J. Qualitative Research Practice: A Guide for Social Science Students and Researchers. London: Sage; 2003.
  59. Taylor RJ. ‘Mouseyes’: an aid to wound measurement using a computer. J Wound Care 1997;6:123–6. 10.12968/jowc.1997.6.3.1239256708
  60. Kundin JI. A new way to size up a wound. Am J Nurs 1989;89:206–7. 10.1097/00000446-198902000-000202916597
  61. Department of Health and Social Care. NHS Reference Costs 2014/15. 2015. URL: www.gov.uk/government/publications/nhs-reference-costs-2014-to-2015 (accessed 7 November 16).
  62. Curtis L, Burns A. Unit Costs of Health and Social Care 2014. 2015. URL: www.pssru.ac.uk/project-pages/unit-costs/unit-costs-2014/ (accessed 7 November 2016).
  63. Armstrong DG, Lavery LA, Diabetic Foot Study Consortium. Negative pressure wound therapy after partial diabetic foot amputation: a multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005;366:1704–10. 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67695-716291063
  64. van Ramshorst GH, Nieuwenhuizen J, Hop WC, Arends P, Boom J, Jeekel J, Lange JF. Abdominal wound dehiscence in adults: development and validation of a risk model. World J Surg 2010;34:20–7. 10.1007/s00268-009-0277-y19898894
  65. Sandy-Hodgetts K, Carville K, Leslie GD. Determining risk factors for surgical wound dehiscence: a literature review. Int Wound J 2015;12:265–75. 10.1111/iwj.1208823692188
  66. Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute Methodology Committee. The PCORI Methodology Report. 2013. URL: www.pcori.org/sites/default/files/PCORI-Methodology-Report-November2013.pdf (accessed 7 August 2019).
  67. Spiliotis J, Tsiveriotis K, Datsis AD, Vaxevanidou A, Zacharis G, Giafis K, et al. Wound dehiscence: is still a problem in the 21th century: a retrospective study. World J Emerg Surg 2009;4:12. 10.1186/1749-7922-4-1219341486
  68. Public Health England. About Adult Obesity: UK and Ireland Prevalence and Trends. London: Public Health England; 2017.
  69. Office for National Statistics. Adult Smoking Habits in Great Britain: 2014. Newport: Office for National Statistics; 2014.
  70. Mangram AJ, Horan TC, Pearson ML, Silver LC, Jarvis WR. Guideline for prevention of surgical site infection, 1999. Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1999;20:250–78. 10.1086/50162010219875
  71. Ashby RL, Gabe R, Ali S, Saramago P, Chuang LH, Adderley U, et al. VenUS IV (Venous leg Ulcer Study IV) – compression hosiery compared with compression bandaging in the treatment of venous leg ulcers: a randomised controlled trial, mixed-treatment comparison and decision-analytic model. Health Technol Assess 2014;18(57). 10.3310/hta18570
  72. Semsarzadeh NN, Tadisina KK, Maddox J, Chopra K, Singh DP. Closed incision negative-pressure therapy is associated with decreased surgical-site infections: a meta-analysis. Plast Reconstr Surg 2015;136:592–602. 10.1097/PRS.000000000000151926313829
  73. Webster J, Scuffham P, Stankiewicz M, Chaboyer WP. Negative pressure wound therapy for skin grafts and surgical wounds healing by primary intention. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;10:CD009261. 10.1002/14651858.CD009261.pub3
  74. Anglemyer A, Horvath HT, Bero L. Healthcare outcomes assessed with observational study designs compared with those assessed in randomized trials. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;4:MR000034. 10.1002/14651858.MR000034.pub2
  75. Smith F, Dryburgh N, Donaldson J, Mitchell M. Debridement for surgical wounds. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011;5:CD006214. 10.1002/14651858.CD006214.pub3
  76. Bolas N, Holloway S. Negative pressure wound therapy: a study on patient perspectives. Br J Community Nurs 2012;17(Suppl. 3):S30–5. 10.12968/bjcn.2012.17.Sup3.S30
  77. Abbotts J. Patients’ views on topical negative pressure: ‘effective but smelly’. Br J Nurs 2010;19:S37–41. 10.12968/bjon.2010.19.Sup10.7969221072010
  78. Moffatt CJ, Mapplebeck L, Murray S, Morgan PA. The experience of patients with complex wounds and the use of NPWT in a home-care setting. J Wound Care 2011;20:512–27. 10.12968/jowc.2011.20.11.51222240846
  79. Sleney J, Christie N, Earthy S, Lyons RA, Kendrick D, Towner E. Improving recovery-learning from patients’ experiences after injury: a qualitative study. Injury 2014;45:312–19. 10.1016/j.injury.2012.12.02523347761
  80. Müller-Nordhorn J, Roll S, Willich SN. Comparison of the short form (SF)-12 health status instrument with the SF-36 in patients with coronary heart disease. Heart 2004;90:523–7. 10.1136/hrt.2003.01399515084550
  81. Hill CL, Gill T, Taylor AW, Daly A, Grande ED, Adams RJ. Psychological factors and quality of life in arthritis: a population-based study. Clin Rheumatol 2007;26:1049–54. 10.1007/s10067-006-0439-317047892
  82. Vilagut G, Forero CG, Pinto-Meza A, Haro JM, de Graaf R, Bruffaerts R, et al. The mental component of the short-form 12 health survey (SF-12) as a measure of depressive disorders in the general population: results with three alternative scoring methods. Value Health 2013;16:564–73. 10.1016/j.jval.2013.01.00623796290
  83. Walters SJ, Brazier JE. Comparison of the minimally important difference for two health state utility measures: EQ-5D and SF-6D. Qual Life Res 2005;14:1523–32. 10.1007/s11136-004-7713-016110932
  84. Luo N, Johnson J, Coons SJ. Using instrument-defined health state transitions to estimate minimally important differences for four preference-based health-related quality of life instruments. Med Care 2010;48:365–71. 10.1097/MLR.0b013e3181c162a220355266
  85. Tan G, Jensen MP, Thornby JI, Shanti BF. Validation of the Brief Pain Inventory for chronic nonmalignant pain. J Pain 2004;5:133–7. 10.1016/j.jpain.2003.12.00515042521
  86. Kelly J, Clifton E, Fearns N, Harbour J, Heller-Murphy S, Herbert P, et al. Antimicrobial Wound Dressings (AWDs) for Chronic Wounds. Edinburgh: Healthcare Improvement Scotland; 2015.
  87. Green J, Jester R, McKinley R, Pooler A. The impact of chronic venous leg ulcers: a systematic review. J Wound Care 2014;23:601–12. 10.12968/jowc.2014.23.12.60125492276
  88. Hoffmann TC, Glasziou PP, Boutron I, Milne R, Perera R, Moher D, et al. Better reporting of interventions: template for intervention description and replication (TIDieR) checklist and guide. BMJ 2014;348:g1687. 10.1136/bmj.g168724609605
  89. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Chronic Wounds: Advanced Wound Dressings and Antimicrobial Dressings: Evidence Summary. London: NICE; 2016.
  90. Hróbjartsson A, Thomsen AS, Emanuelsson F, Tendal B, Hilden J, Boutron I, et al. Observer bias in randomised clinical trials with binary outcomes: systematic review of trials with both blinded and non-blinded outcome assessors. BMJ 2012;344:e1119. 10.1136/bmj.e111922371859
  91. Richmond SJ, Keding A, Hover M, Gabe R, Cross B, Torgerson D, MacPherson H. Feasibility, acceptability and validity of SMS text messaging for measuring change in depression during a randomised controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry 2015;15:68. 10.1186/s12888-015-0456-325886377
  92. Brabyn S, Adamson J, MacPherson H, Tilbrook H, Torgerson DJ. Short message service text messaging was feasible as a tool for data collection in a trial of treatment for irritable bowel syndrome. J Clin Epidemiol 2014;67:993–1000. 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2014.05.00424972761
  93. Kew S. Text messaging: an innovative method of data collection in medical research. BMC Res Notes 2010;3:342. 10.1186/1756-0500-3-34221172018
  94. Bury M. Chronic illness as biographical disruption. Sociol Health Illn 1982;4:167–82. 10.1111/1467-9566.ep1133993910260456
  95. Charmaz K. Loss of self: a fundamental form of suffering in the chronically ill. Sociol Health Illn 1983;5:168–95. 10.1111/1467-9566.ep1049151210261981
  96. Long J, Meethan K, Arundel C, Clarke E, Firth A, Sylvester M, Chetter I. Exploring feedback from research nurses in relation to the design and conduct of a randomised controlled trial of wound care treatments: a sequential, dependent, mixed-methods study. J Tissue Viability 2020; in press. 10.1016/j.jtv.2020.07.007
← Conclusions and recommendationsAcknowledgements →

Attribution. Ian Chetter; Catherine Arundel; Kerry Bell; Hannah Buckley; Karl Claxton; Belen Corbacho Martin et al. (2020). The epidemiology, management and impact of surgical wounds healing by secondary intention: a research programme including the SWHSI feasibility RCT. NIHR Journals Library. Copyright © Queen’s Printer and Controller of HMSO 2020. This work was produced by Chetter et al. under the terms of a commissioning contract issued by the Secretary of State for Health and Social Care. This issue may be freely reproduced for the purposes of private research and study and extracts (or indeed, the full report) may be included in professional journals provided that suitable acknowledgement is made and the reproduction is not associated with any form of advertising. Applications for commercial reproduction should be addressed to: NIHR Journals Library, National Institute for Health Research, Evaluation, Trials and Studies Coordinating Centre, Alpha House, University of Southampton Science Park, Southampton SO16 7NS, UK. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. NCBI Bookshelf NBK562056. CC BY 4.0. Original source ↗. Text reproduced from the Bookshelf XML without changing wording; figures, images and supplements are not reproduced.

In this chapter Contents

  • References

Source

OpenStax source file ↗

Source record ↗

EvidenceLib is a research-education resource, not medical advice. It does not diagnose, prescribe or recommend starting, stopping or changing any treatment. Talk to a qualified clinician about your own situation. Methods, sources and licences · Rights and removal requests · Legal · Support