Definition and research guide
This page combines a MeSH definition, publication statistics and selected research abstracts. It is a starting point for reading the literature, not a medical textbook or a systematic evidence review.
Content available: 3 complete abstracts (579 words), 9 references. Full article text is not stored or reproduced here; follow the PMID, DOI or PMC links to read the original sources and their access terms.
Definition
A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of smell. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the paranasal sinuses.
Definition: NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) scope note (Public domain (U.S. National Library of Medicine); attribution requested). View the MeSH record.
Also known as: Noses; External Nose; External Noses; Nose, External; Noses, External.
Where it fits in the MeSH classification
- Broader topics
- Face; Respiratory System; Sense Organs
- Narrower topics
- Nasal Bone; Nasal Cartilages; Nasal Cavity; Nasal Mucosa; Nasal Septum; Paranasal Sinuses; Turbinates; Olfactory Mucosa; Vomeronasal Organ
- See also
- Rhinoplasty
Related concepts
Research landscape
PubMed indexes 105,913 records tagged with the MeSH heading “Nose” (counts retrieved 2026-10-31). 15,083 of them (14.2%) were published from 2020 onward, and the busiest period so far is through 1999 with 43,069 records.
Reviews account for 8,131 records (7.7%) and meta-analyses for 433. Randomized controlled trials number 2,665 (2.5%) as a share of all records on the topic.
Show the data
| Period | Records |
|---|---|
| through 1999 | 43,069 |
| 2000-2009 | 20,522 |
| 2010-2019 | 27,239 |
| 2020 onward | 15,083 |
Publication-type chart data
| Type | Records | Share |
|---|---|---|
| Reviews | 8,131 | 7.7% |
| Meta-analyses | 433 | 0.4% |
| Randomized controlled trials | 2,665 | 2.5% |
Method: PubMed query "Nose"[MeSH Terms] with publication-type and date filters, retrieved 2026-10-31.
Reading the evidence in anatomy and physiology
Anatomy describes how body structures are built and physiology describes how they normally work, so most findings here are descriptive or mechanistic rather than evidence about treatment. Much of what is known comes from dissection, imaging, tissue studies and experiments in animals, and measurements in healthy volunteers can differ from those in people with disease or at different ages. Normal ranges vary between individuals and populations. Check whether a result was measured in people or in another species, the age and health of the participants, and the method used.
Evidence from open-access studies
These open-access studies come from PubMed’s best-match results for this heading (papers whose main topic it is), ranked here by citation count, with one recent addition. Each abstract is reproduced in full under its recorded open licence so that you can read the authors’ own words. They illustrate the literature; they are not a systematic summary of it. Citation counts measure attention, not reliability or clinical benefit.
| Study / authors | Year | Source label / design | Europe PMC citations | Licence / source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Akkermansia muciniphila outer membrane protein Amuc_0904 modulates intestinal homeostasis by promoting goblet cell differentiation | 2026 | Research article Design not recorded in structured metadata | 12 | cc by PMID 41424360 · DOI · PMC12810044 |
| Large-scale characterisation of the nasal microbiome redefines Staphylococcus aureus colonisation status | 2025 | Research article Design not recorded in structured metadata | 9 | cc by PMID 41330943 · DOI · PMC12672568 |
| The unique synaptic circuitry of specialized olfactory glomeruli in Drosophila melanogaster | 2025 | Research article Design not recorded in structured metadata | 8 | cc by PMID 41114722 · DOI · PMC12537010 |
Akkermansia muciniphila outer membrane protein Amuc_0904 modulates intestinal homeostasis by promoting goblet cell differentiation [1]
Abstract reading summary — source excerpts
- Opening excerpt
- Akkermansia muciniphila is recognized as a promising probiotic that improves the symptoms of a variety of diseases.
- Closing excerpt
- muciniphila-mediated intestinal homeostasis recovery and provides a bioactive molecule with the potential to treat intestinal disorders.
- Interpretation limits
- Verbatim excerpts from the authors’ abstract; the closing excerpt may describe a finding, limitation or recommendation. Design, population, effect size and uncertainty have not been independently extracted or appraised. Read the complete abstract and linked paper before interpreting the findings.
Read complete abstract (146 words)
Akkermansia muciniphila is recognized as a promising probiotic that improves the symptoms of a variety of diseases. However, the role and mechanism of A. muciniphila in regulating intestinal homeostasis remain to be explored. Here, we discovered that A. muciniphila was dramatically increased during colitis recovery, and its colonization greatly increased goblet cells to protect the intestinal barrier in mice. Amuc_0904, a previously uncharacterized A. muciniphila outer membrane protein, was identified to induce goblet cell differentiation. Mechanistically, Amuc_0904 directly interacted with MET and decreased its phosphorylation in epithelia, leading to decreased Wnt/β-catenin signaling and enhanced oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial function. Furthermore, Amuc_0904 and engineered probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 expressing Amuc_0904 were demonstrated to protect mice from colitis and colitis-associated colorectal cancer. The study reveals a previously unknown mechanism of A. muciniphila-mediated intestinal homeostasis recovery and provides a bioactive molecule with the potential to treat intestinal disorders.
Abstract reproduced from the open-access article under the recorded cc by licence; © the authors. PMID 41424360 · DOI · PMC12810044
Large-scale characterisation of the nasal microbiome redefines Staphylococcus aureus colonisation status [2]
Abstract reading summary — source excerpts
- Opening excerpt
- Staphylococcus aureus colonises the nose in humans, with individuals defined as persistent, intermittent or non-carriers.
- Closing excerpt
- aureus is rare or absent.
- Interpretation limits
- Verbatim excerpts from the authors’ abstract; the closing excerpt may describe a finding, limitation or recommendation. Design, population, effect size and uncertainty have not been independently extracted or appraised. Read the complete abstract and linked paper before interpreting the findings.
Read complete abstract (207 words)
Staphylococcus aureus colonises the nose in humans, with individuals defined as persistent, intermittent or non-carriers. Unlike the gut microbiome, the nasal microbiome has not been studied in large numbers of people. Here, we define the nasal microbiome in ~1100 individuals from the CARRIAGE study (ISRCTN: ISRCTN10474633) and combine with S. aureus culture data. We identify seven community state types (CST), including two CSTs more common in females. Approximately 70% of those who are persistently colonised with S. aureus have a CST dominated by S. aureus, while non-carriers are distributed across the other six CSTs. Intermittent carriers are not a unique state but have microbiomes that resemble non- or persistent carriers. Persistent carriage is positively associated with S. aureus abundance, and negatively associated with three Corynebacterium species, Dolosigranulum pigrum, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Moraxella catarrhalis; the microbiome can be exploited with machine learning to accurately predict the persistence of S. aureus colonisation. Finally, we find that certain S. aureus lineages are better adapted to colonisation than others. Our data provides a comprehensive view of the nasal microbiome with respect to S. aureus colonisation, describing two key states: a S. aureus dominated CST in which S. aureus shapes the microbiome, and CSTs in which S. aureus is rare or absent.
Abstract reproduced from the open-access article under the recorded cc by licence; © the authors. PMID 41330943 · DOI · PMC12672568
The unique synaptic circuitry of specialized olfactory glomeruli in Drosophila melanogaster [3]
Abstract reading summary — source excerpts
- Opening excerpt
- In the Drosophila olfactory system, most odorants are encoded in the antennal lobe in a combinatory way, activating several glomerular circuits.
- Closing excerpt
- The comparative analysis of glomeruli allows us to formulate synaptic motifs implemented in olfactory circuits with different computational demands.
- Interpretation limits
- Verbatim excerpts from the authors’ abstract; the closing excerpt may describe a finding, limitation or recommendation. Design, population, effect size and uncertainty have not been independently extracted or appraised. Read the complete abstract and linked paper before interpreting the findings.
Read complete abstract (226 words)
In the Drosophila olfactory system, most odorants are encoded in the antennal lobe in a combinatory way, activating several glomerular circuits. However, odorants of particular ecological role for the fly are encoded through activation of a single specialized olfactory pathway. Comparative analyses of densely reconstructed connectomes of one broadly tuned glomerulus (DL5) and one narrowly tuned glomerulus (DA2) gained detailed insight into the variations of synaptic circuitries of glomeruli with different computational tasks. Our approach combined laser branding of glomeruli of interest with volume-based focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy to enable precise targeting and analysis of the two glomeruli. We discovered differences in their neuronal innervation, synaptic composition, and specific circuitry of their major cell types: olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), uniglomerular projection neurons, and multiglomerular neurons. By comparing our data with a previously mapped narrowly tuned glomerulus (VA1v), we identified putative generic features of narrowly tuned glomerular circuits, including higher density of neuronal fibers and synapses, lower degree of OSN lateralization, stronger axo-axonic connections between OSNs, dendro-dendritic connections between many uPNs, and lower degree of presynaptic input on OSN axons. In addition, this work revealed that the dendrites of the single uPN in DL5 contain a substantial amount of autapses interconnecting distant regions of the dendritic tree. The comparative analysis of glomeruli allows us to formulate synaptic motifs implemented in olfactory circuits with different computational demands.
Abstract reproduced from the open-access article under the recorded cc by licence; © the authors. PMID 41114722 · DOI · PMC12537010
Key reviews and meta-analyses
The most cited review-type papers among PubMed’s best-match results for this heading, listed with bibliographic details only. Follow the links for the full text and access terms.
- Research article Esthesioneuroblastoma: a meta-analysis and review [4]
- Research article Systematic review of survival rates for implants placed in the grafted maxillary sinus [5]
- Research article The Clinical Utility of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Nasal Screening to Rule Out MRSA Pneumonia: A Diagnostic Meta-analysis With Antimicrobial Stewardship Implications [6]
- Research article Effectiveness of a bundled intervention of decolonization and prophylaxis to decrease Gram positive surgical site infections after cardiac or orthopedic surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis [7]
- Research article Sinus floor elevation using osteotomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis [8]
- Research article Bacterial community collapse: a meta-analysis of the sinonasal microbiota in chronic rhinosinusitis [9]
References
- Yang L, Yang J, Kong X, Tang Q, Song R, Zhou K, et al.. Akkermansia muciniphila outer membrane protein Amuc_0904 modulates intestinal homeostasis by promoting goblet cell differentiation. . 2026. PMID 41424360 · DOI · PMC12810044
- Aggarwal D, Bellis KL, Blane B, de Goffau MC, Wagner J, Ng DYK, et al.. Large-scale characterisation of the nasal microbiome redefines Staphylococcus aureus colonisation status. . 2025. PMID 41330943 · DOI · PMC12672568
- Gruber L, Cantera R, Pleijzier MW, Niebergall M, Steinert M, Pertsch T, et al.. The unique synaptic circuitry of specialized olfactory glomeruli in Drosophila melanogaster. . 2025. PMID 41114722 · DOI · PMC12537010
- Dulguerov P, Allal AS, Calcaterra TC. Esthesioneuroblastoma: a meta-analysis and review. Lancet Oncol. 2001. PMID 11902539 · DOI
- Del Fabbro M, Testori T, Francetti L, Weinstein R. Systematic review of survival rates for implants placed in the grafted maxillary sinus. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 2004. PMID 15626319
- Parente DM, Cunha CB, Mylonakis E, Timbrook TT. The Clinical Utility of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Nasal Screening to Rule Out MRSA Pneumonia: A Diagnostic Meta-analysis With Antimicrobial Stewardship Implications. Clin Infect Dis. 2018. PMID 29340593 · DOI
- Schweizer M, Perencevich E, McDanel J, Carson J, Formanek M, Hafner J, et al.. Effectiveness of a bundled intervention of decolonization and prophylaxis to decrease Gram positive surgical site infections after cardiac or orthopedic surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2013. PMID 23766464 · DOI · PMC3681273
- Emmerich D, Att W, Stappert C. Sinus floor elevation using osteotomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Periodontol. 2005. PMID 16101354 · DOI
- Wagner Mackenzie B, Waite DW, Hoggard M, Douglas RG, Taylor MW, Biswas K. Bacterial community collapse: a meta-analysis of the sinonasal microbiota in chronic rhinosinusitis. Environ Microbiol. 2017. PMID 27902866 · DOI
About this article
- Sources
- NLM Medical Subject Headings (definition, synonyms); NCBI PubMed (counts, identifiers); Europe PMC (open-access abstracts and citation counts).
- Verification
- Every reference was resolved against PubMed on 2026-10-31; title, year and DOI matched.
- Review state
- automated source verified; no human expert review has been recorded yet.
- Version
- 1, last updated 2026-10-31.
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Evidence strength
EvidenceHelix's computed view of the study designs behind this topic: how common meta-analyses, randomized trials and reviews are, how recent the literature is, and a plain-language reading. It describes the design mix of the literature. It is not a quality appraisal of any study, and it is not medical advice.