Definition and research guide
This page combines a MeSH definition, publication statistics and selected research abstracts. It is a starting point for reading the literature, not a medical textbook or a systematic evidence review.
Content available: 4 complete abstracts (718 words), 10 references. Full article text is not stored or reproduced here; follow the PMID, DOI or PMC links to read the original sources and their access terms.
Definition
Volative flammable fuel (liquid hydrocarbons) derived from crude petroleum by processes such as distillation reforming, polymerization, etc.
Definition: NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) scope note (Public domain (U.S. National Library of Medicine); attribution requested). View the MeSH record.
Also known as: Gasolines; Diesel Fuel; Diesel Fuels; Fuel, Diesel; Fuels, Diesel.
Where it fits in the MeSH classification
- Broader topics
- Petroleum
Research landscape
PubMed indexes 4,807 records tagged with the MeSH heading “Gasoline” (counts retrieved 2026-10-31). 1,007 of them (20.9%) were published from 2020 onward, and the busiest period so far is 2010-2019 with 1,626 records.
Reviews account for 231 records (4.8%) and meta-analyses for 6. Randomized controlled trials number 8 (0.2%) as a share of all records on the topic. Randomized trials make up only a small share of this literature, so much of what is known comes from laboratory, observational or descriptive work.
Show the data
| Period | Records |
|---|---|
| through 1999 | 824 |
| 2000-2009 | 1,350 |
| 2010-2019 | 1,626 |
| 2020 onward | 1,007 |
Publication-type chart data
| Type | Records | Share |
|---|---|---|
| Reviews | 231 | 4.8% |
| Meta-analyses | 6 | 0.1% |
| Randomized controlled trials | 8 | 0.2% |
Method: PubMed query "Gasoline"[MeSH Terms] with publication-type and date filters, retrieved 2026-10-31.
Reading the evidence in public health and nutrition
Population and nutrition studies mostly observe what people eat, breathe or are exposed to and then look for links with health, which shows association and not proof of cause. Self-reported diet is imprecise, people who eat or live differently also differ in other ways, and effects measured across a population may not apply to one person. Check the study design, how exposure was measured, what else was accounted for and the size of the effect, not only whether it was statistically significant.
Evidence from open-access studies
These open-access studies come from PubMed’s best-match results for this heading (papers whose main topic it is), ranked here by citation count, with one recent addition. Each abstract is reproduced in full under its recorded open licence so that you can read the authors’ own words. They illustrate the literature; they are not a systematic summary of it. Citation counts measure attention, not reliability or clinical benefit.
| Study / authors | Year | Source label / design | Europe PMC citations | Licence / source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A corrosion-resistant RuMoNi catalyst for efficient and long-lasting seawater oxidation and anion exchange membrane electrolyzer | 2023 | Research article Design not recorded in structured metadata | 170 | cc by PMID 37330593 · DOI · PMC10276855 |
| Bioassay-directed fractionation and salmonella mutagenicity of automobile and forklift diesel exhaust particles | 2004 | Research article Design not recorded in structured metadata | 85 | cc by PMID 15175166 · DOI · PMC1242006 |
| Residential energy use emissions dominate health impacts from exposure to ambient particulate matter in India | 2018 | Research article Design not recorded in structured metadata | 81 | cc by PMID 29434294 · DOI · PMC5809377 |
| Biogenic Amines as Biomarkers for the Assessment of Diesel-Contaminated Water Toxicity | 2026 | Research article Design not recorded in structured metadata | 0 | cc by PMID 42653919 · DOI · PMC13515937 |
A corrosion-resistant RuMoNi catalyst for efficient and long-lasting seawater oxidation and anion exchange membrane electrolyzer [1]
Abstract reading summary — source excerpts
- Opening excerpt
- Direct seawater electrolysis is promising for sustainable hydrogen gas (H2) production.
- Closing excerpt
- 0/GGE set by the United Stated Department of Energy, thus, suggesting practicability of the technology.
- Interpretation limits
- Verbatim excerpts from the authors’ abstract; the closing excerpt may describe a finding, limitation or recommendation. Design, population, effect size and uncertainty have not been independently extracted or appraised. Read the complete abstract and linked paper before interpreting the findings.
Read complete abstract (154 words)
Direct seawater electrolysis is promising for sustainable hydrogen gas (H2) production. However, the chloride ions in seawater lead to side reactions and corrosion, which result in a low efficiency and poor stability of the electrocatalyst and hinder the use of seawater electrolysis technology. Here we report a corrosion-resistant RuMoNi electrocatalyst, in which the in situ-formed molybdate ions on its surface repel chloride ions. The electrocatalyst works stably for over 3000 h at a high current density of 500 mA cm-2 in alkaline seawater electrolytes. Using the RuMoNi catalyst in an anion exchange membrane electrolyzer, we report an energy conversion efficiency of 77.9% and a current density of 1000 mA cm-2 at 1.72 V. The calculated price per gallon of gasoline equivalent (GGE) of the H2 produced is $ 0.85, which is lower than the 2026 technical target of $ 2.0/GGE set by the United Stated Department of Energy, thus, suggesting practicability of the technology.
Abstract reproduced from the open-access article under the recorded cc by licence; © the authors. PMID 37330593 · DOI · PMC10276855
Bioassay-directed fractionation and salmonella mutagenicity of automobile and forklift diesel exhaust particles [2]
Abstract reading summary — source excerpts
- Opening excerpt
- Many pulmonary toxicity studies of diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) have used an automobile-generated sample (A-DEPs) whose mutagenicity has not been reported.
- Closing excerpt
- A comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the health effects of DEPs requires the evaluation of DEP standards for a variety of end points, and our results highlight the need for multidisciplinary studies on a variety of representative samples of DEPs.
- Interpretation limits
- Verbatim excerpts from the authors’ abstract; the closing excerpt may describe a finding, limitation or recommendation. Design, population, effect size and uncertainty have not been independently extracted or appraised. Read the complete abstract and linked paper before interpreting the findings.
Read complete abstract (258 words)
Many pulmonary toxicity studies of diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) have used an automobile-generated sample (A-DEPs) whose mutagenicity has not been reported. In contrast, many mutagenicity studies of DEPs have used a forklift-generated sample (SRM 2975) that has been evaluated in only a few pulmonary toxicity studies. Therefore, we evaluated the mutagenicity of both DEPs in Salmonella coupled to a bioassay-directed fractionation. The percentage of extractable organic material (EOM) was 26.3% for A-DEPs and 2% for SRM 2975. Most of the A-EOM (~55%) eluted in the hexane fraction, reflecting the presence of alkanes and alkenes, typical of uncombusted fuel. In contrast, most of the SRM 2975 EOM (~58%) eluted in the polar methanol fraction, indicative of oxygenated and/or nitrated organics derived from combustion. Most of the direct-acting, base-substitution activity of the A-EOM eluted in the hexane/dichloromethane (DCM) fraction, but this activity eluted in the polar methanol fraction for the SRM 2975 EOM. The direct-acting frameshift mutagenicity eluted across fractions of A-EOM, whereas > 80% eluted only in the DCM fraction of SRM 2975 EOM. The A-DEPs were more mutagenic than SRM 2975 per mass of particle, having 227 times more polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-type and 8-45 more nitroarene-type mutagenic activity. These differences were associated with the different conditions under which the two DEP samples were generated and collected. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the health effects of DEPs requires the evaluation of DEP standards for a variety of end points, and our results highlight the need for multidisciplinary studies on a variety of representative samples of DEPs.
Abstract reproduced from the open-access article under the recorded cc by licence; © the authors. PMID 15175166 · DOI · PMC1242006
Residential energy use emissions dominate health impacts from exposure to ambient particulate matter in India [3]
Abstract reading summary — source excerpts
- Opening excerpt
- Exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.
- Closing excerpt
- 5 exposure in India.
- Interpretation limits
- Verbatim excerpts from the authors’ abstract; the closing excerpt may describe a finding, limitation or recommendation. Design, population, effect size and uncertainty have not been independently extracted or appraised. Read the complete abstract and linked paper before interpreting the findings.
Read complete abstract (145 words)
Exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is a leading contributor to diseases in India. Previous studies analysing emission source attributions were restricted by coarse model resolution and limited PM2.5 observations. We use a regional model informed by new observations to make the first high-resolution study of the sector-specific disease burden from ambient PM2.5 exposure in India. Observed annual mean PM2.5 concentrations exceed 100 μg m-3 and are well simulated by the model. We calculate that the emissions from residential energy use dominate (52%) population-weighted annual mean PM2.5 concentrations, and are attributed to 511,000 (95UI: 340,000-697,000) premature mortalities annually. However, removing residential energy use emissions would avert only 256,000 (95UI: 162,000-340,000), due to the non-linear exposure-response relationship causing health effects to saturate at high PM2.5 concentrations. Consequently, large reductions in emissions will be required to reduce the health burden from ambient PM2.5 exposure in India.
Abstract reproduced from the open-access article under the recorded cc by licence; © the authors. PMID 29434294 · DOI · PMC5809377
Biogenic Amines as Biomarkers for the Assessment of Diesel-Contaminated Water Toxicity [4]
Abstract reading summary — source excerpts
- Opening excerpt
- This study evaluated the phytotoxicity of diesel oil (DO) using the green alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and the aquatic plant Lemna minor.
- Closing excerpt
- The findings herein suggest that BA profiling, especially agmatine, can support early detection of hydrocarbon stress in aquatic organisms.
- Interpretation limits
- Verbatim excerpts from the authors’ abstract; the closing excerpt may describe a finding, limitation or recommendation. Design, population, effect size and uncertainty have not been independently extracted or appraised. Read the complete abstract and linked paper before interpreting the findings.
Read complete abstract (161 words)
This study evaluated the phytotoxicity of diesel oil (DO) using the green alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and the aquatic plant Lemna minor. Toxic effects were assessed in 7-day Algaltoxkit and Lemna bioassays by measuring growth, chlorophyll fluorescence, and biogenic amine (BA) content. L. minor was less sensitive to DO in terms of growth than the alga. Toxicity thresholds (LOEC, 7 days) showed that DO concentrations above 0.11-0.12% significantly inhibited the growth and productivity of both model organisms. Chlorophyll fluorescence proved to be an early and sensitive indicator of DO toxicity. This study also provides the first characterization of BAs in P. subcapitata, identifying histamine, tyramine, putrescine, cadaverine, agmatine, spermidine, and spermine. Agmatine emerged as a common indicator of DO contamination in both species. Its content decreased in P. subcapitata (EC50 = 0.85%) but increased in L. minor (EC50 = 0.38%) under diesel exposure. The findings herein suggest that BA profiling, especially agmatine, can support early detection of hydrocarbon stress in aquatic organisms.
Abstract reproduced from the open-access article under the recorded cc by licence; © the authors. PMID 42653919 · DOI · PMC13515937
Key reviews and meta-analyses
The most cited review-type papers among PubMed’s best-match results for this heading, listed with bibliographic details only. Follow the links for the full text and access terms.
- Research article Biodiesel from microalgae [5]
- Research article Biodiesel from microalgae beats bioethanol [6]
- Research article A review of the current state of biodiesel production using enzymatic transesterification [7]
- Research article Biofuels and biomass-to-liquid fuels in the biorefinery: catalytic conversion of lignocellulosic biomass using porous materials [8]
- Research article Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil: 1. Process design and technological assessment [9]
- Research article Review of Urban Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation from Gasoline and Diesel Motor Vehicle Emissions [10]
References
- Kang X, Yang F, Zhang Z, Liu H, Ge S, Hu S, et al.. A corrosion-resistant RuMoNi catalyst for efficient and long-lasting seawater oxidation and anion exchange membrane electrolyzer. . 2023. PMID 37330593 · DOI · PMC10276855
- DeMarini DM, Brooks LR, Warren SH, Kobayashi T, Gilmour MI, Singh P. Bioassay-directed fractionation and salmonella mutagenicity of automobile and forklift diesel exhaust particles. . 2004. PMID 15175166 · DOI · PMC1242006
- Conibear L, Butt EW, Knote C, Arnold SR, Spracklen DV. Residential energy use emissions dominate health impacts from exposure to ambient particulate matter in India. . 2018. PMID 29434294 · DOI · PMC5809377
- Sikorski Ł, Bęś A, Truszkowski W, Kumar A, Brandyk A, Radziemska M. Biogenic Amines as Biomarkers for the Assessment of Diesel-Contaminated Water Toxicity. . 2026. PMID 42653919 · DOI · PMC13515937
- Chisti Y. Biodiesel from microalgae. Biotechnol Adv. 2007. PMID 17350212 · DOI
- Chisti Y. Biodiesel from microalgae beats bioethanol. Trends Biotechnol. 2008. PMID 18221809 · DOI
- Fjerbaek L, Christensen KV, Norddahl B. A review of the current state of biodiesel production using enzymatic transesterification. Biotechnol Bioeng. 2009. PMID 19215031 · DOI
- Stöcker M. Biofuels and biomass-to-liquid fuels in the biorefinery: catalytic conversion of lignocellulosic biomass using porous materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2008. PMID 18937235 · DOI
- Zhang Y, Dubé MA, McLean DD, Kates M. Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil: 1. Process design and technological assessment. Bioresour Technol. 2003. PMID 12676496 · DOI
- Gentner DR, Jathar SH, Gordon TD, Bahreini R, Day DA, El Haddad I, et al.. Review of Urban Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation from Gasoline and Diesel Motor Vehicle Emissions. Environ Sci Technol. 2017. PMID 28000440 · DOI
About this article
- Sources
- NLM Medical Subject Headings (definition, synonyms); NCBI PubMed (counts, identifiers); Europe PMC (open-access abstracts and citation counts).
- Verification
- Every reference was resolved against PubMed on 2026-11-04; title, year and DOI matched.
- Review state
- automated source verified; no human expert review has been recorded yet.
- Version
- 1, last updated 2026-11-04.
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Evidence strength
EvidenceHelix's computed view of the study designs behind this topic: how common meta-analyses, randomized trials and reviews are, how recent the literature is, and a plain-language reading. It describes the design mix of the literature. It is not a quality appraisal of any study, and it is not medical advice.