EvidenceLib · Open textbook · CC BY 4.0

Statistics

OpenStax · 101 sections in 14 chapters. Each section is its own page.

Front matter

• Preface

• Appendix A Review Exercises (Ch 3–13)

• Appendix B Practice Tests (1–4) and Final Exams

• Data Sets

• Group and Partner Projects

• Solution Sheets

• Mathematical Phrases, Symbols, and Formulas

• Notes for the TI-83, 83+, 84, 84+ Calculators

• Tables

Sampling and Data

• Introduction

• Definitions of Statistics, Probability, and Key Terms

• Data, Sampling, and Variation in Data and Sampling

• Frequency, Frequency Tables, and Levels of Measurement

• Experimental Design and Ethics

• Data Collection Experiment

• Sampling Experiment

Descriptive Statistics

• Introduction

• Stem-and-Leaf Graphs (Stemplots), Line Graphs, and Bar Graphs

• Histograms, Frequency Polygons, and Time Series Graphs

• Measures of the Location of the Data

• Box Plots

• Measures of the Center of the Data

• Skewness and the Mean, Median, and Mode

• Measures of the Spread of the Data

• Descriptive Statistics

Probability Topics

• Introduction

• Terminology

• Independent and Mutually Exclusive Events

• Two Basic Rules of Probability

• Contingency Tables

• Tree and Venn Diagrams

• Probability Topics

Discrete Random Variables

• Introduction

• Probability Distribution Function (PDF) for a Discrete Random Variable

• Mean or Expected Value and Standard Deviation

• Binomial Distribution (Optional)

• Geometric Distribution (Optional)

• Hypergeometric Distribution (Optional)

• Poisson Distribution (Optional)

• Discrete Distribution (Playing Card Experiment)

• Discrete Distribution (Lucky Dice Experiment)

Continuous Random Variables

• Introduction

• Continuous Probability Functions

• The Uniform Distribution

• The Exponential Distribution (Optional)

• Continuous Distribution

The Normal Distribution

• Introduction

• The Standard Normal Distribution

• Using the Normal Distribution

• Normal Distribution—Lap Times

• Normal Distribution—Pinkie Length

The Central Limit Theorem

• Introduction

• The Central Limit Theorem for Sample Means (Averages)

• The Central Limit Theorem for Sums (Optional)

• Using the Central Limit Theorem

• Central Limit Theorem (Pocket Change)

• Central Limit Theorem (Cookie Recipes)

Confidence Intervals

• Introduction

• A Single Population Mean Using the Normal Distribution

• A Single Population Mean Using the Student's t-Distribution

• A Population Proportion

• Confidence Interval (Home Costs)

• Confidence Interval (Place of Birth)

• Confidence Interval (Women's Heights)

Hypothesis Testing with One Sample

• Introduction

• Null and Alternative Hypotheses

• Outcomes and the Type I and Type II Errors

• Distribution Needed for Hypothesis Testing

• Rare Events, the Sample, and the Decision and Conclusion

• Additional Information and Full Hypothesis Test Examples

• Hypothesis Testing of a Single Mean and Single Proportion

Hypothesis Testing with Two Samples

• Introduction

• Two Population Means with Unknown Standard Deviations

• Two Population Means with Known Standard Deviations

• Comparing Two Independent Population Proportions

• Matched or Paired Samples (Optional)

• Hypothesis Testing for Two Means and Two Proportions

The Chi-Square Distribution

• Introduction

• Facts About the Chi-Square Distribution

• Goodness-of-Fit Test

• Test of Independence

• Test for Homogeneity

• Comparison of the Chi-Square Tests

• Test of a Single Variance

• Lab 1: Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit

• Lab 2: Chi-Square Test of Independence

Linear Regression and Correlation

• Introduction

• Linear Equations

• The Regression Equation

• Testing the Significance of the Correlation Coefficient (Optional)

• Prediction (Optional)

• Outliers

• Regression (Distance from School) (Optional)

• Regression (Textbook Cost) (Optional)

• Regression (Fuel Efficiency) (Optional)

F Distribution and One-way Anova

• Introduction

• One-Way ANOVA

• The F Distribution and the F Ratio

• Facts About the F Distribution

• Test of Two Variances

• Lab: One-Way ANOVA

Attribution. Statistics, OpenStax, Rice University, and the contributing authors credited in the book. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International. Source revision 7dea80ae28 of openstax/osbooks-statistics (2026-04-23). CC BY 4.0. Original source ↗. Text edition of a pinned CC BY 4.0 source revision of the OpenStax book, converted from CNXML by the EvidenceHelix importer. Original prose, learning objectives, tables, exercises, glossary and captions are preserved; images are not copied (figures link to the original source and keep their credits). No new content was added. Later revisions of this book can carry different licence terms and are not used.