References | Pre-hospital and emergency department treatment of convulsive status epilepticus in adults: an evidence synthesis

Pre-hospital and emergency department treatment of convulsive status epilepticus in adults: an evidence synthesis · References

References

Falco-Walter JJ, Bleck T. Treatment of established status epilepticus. J Clin Med 2016;5:E49. 10.3390/jcm505004927120626
Prasad M, Krishnan PR, Sequeira R, Al-Roomi K. Anticonvulsant therapy for status epilepticus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;9:CD003723. 10.1002/14651858.CD003723.pub3
Lesser RP, Johnson E. Status Epilepticus: BMJ Best Practice. 2018. Updated October 2018. URL: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/3000127 (accessed 24 June 2020).
Brophy GM, Bell R, Claassen J, Alldredge B, Bleck TP, Glauser T, et al. Guidelines for the evaluation and management of status epilepticus. Neurocrit Care 2012;17:3–23. 10.1007/s12028-012-9695-z22528274
Fisher RS, Cross JH, French JA, Higurashi N, Hirsch E, Jansen FE, et al. Operational classification of seizure types by the International League Against Epilepsy: position paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology. Epilepsia 2017;58:522–30. 10.1111/epi.1367028276060
Lowenstein DH, Bleck T, Macdonald RL. It’s time to revise the definition of status epilepticus. Epilepsia 1999;40:120–2. 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1999.tb02000.x9924914
Lowenstein DH, Alldredge BK. Status epilepticus. N Engl J Med 1998;338:970–6. 10.1056/NEJM1998040233814079521986
Trinka E, Cock H, Hesdorffer D, Rossetti AO, Scheffer IE, Shinnar S, et al. A definition and classification of status epilepticus – report of the ILAE Task Force on Classification of Status Epilepticus. Epilepsia 2015;56:1515–23. 10.1111/epi.1312126336950
Pellock JM. Overview: definitions and classifications of seizure emergencies. J Child Neurol 2007;22(Suppl. 5):9–13. 10.1177/0883073807303064
Hauser WA. Status epilepticus: epidemiologic considerations. Neurology 1990;40(Suppl. 5):9–13.2185441
Coeytaux A, Jallon P, Galobardes B, Morabia A. Incidence of status epilepticus in French-speaking Switzerland: (EPISTAR). Neurology 2000;55:693–7. 10.1212/wnl.55.5.69310980736
Hesdorffer DC, Logroscino G, Cascino G, Annegers JF, Hauser WA. Incidence of status epilepticus in Rochester, Minnesota, 1965–1984. Neurology 1998;50:735–41. 10.1212/wnl.50.3.7359521266
Knake S, Rosenow F, Vescovi M, Oertel WH, Mueller HH, Wirbatz A, et al. Incidence of status epilepticus in adults in Germany: a prospective, population-based study. Epilepsia 2001;42:714–18. 10.1046/j.1528-1157.2001.01101.x11422324
Walker M. Status epilepticus: an evidence based guide. BMJ 2005;331:673–7. 10.1136/bmj.331.7518.67316179702
Novy J, Logroscino G, Rossetti AO. Refractory status epilepticus: a prospective observational study. Epilepsia 2010;51:251–6. 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02323.x19817823
Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). Diagnosis and Management of Epilepsy in Adults: SIGN 143. Edinburgh: SIGN; 2015. URL: www.sign.ac.uk/sign-143-diagnosis-and-management-of-epilepsy-in-adults (accessed July 2020).
Walker MC, Smith SJ, Shorvon SD. The intensive care treatment of convulsive status epilepticus in the UK. Results of a national survey and recommendations. Anaesthesia 1995;50:130–5. 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1995.tb15095.x7710023
Walker MC, Howard RS, Smith SJ, Miller DH, Shorvon SD, Hirsch NP. Diagnosis and treatment of status epilepticus on a neurological intensive care unit. QJM 1996;89:913–20. 10.1093/qjmed/89.12.9139015485
Scholtes FB, Renier WO, Meinardi H. Generalized convulsive status epilepticus: causes, therapy, and outcome in 346 patients. Epilepsia 1994;35:1104–12. 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1994.tb02562.x7925159
Treiman DM, Meyers PD, Walton NY, Collins JF, Colling C, Rowan AJ, et al. A comparison of four treatments for generalized convulsive status epilepticus. Veterans Affairs Status Epilepticus Cooperative Study Group. N Engl J Med 1998;339:792–8. 10.1056/NEJM1998091733912029738086
Jagoda A, Riggio S. Refractory status epilepticus in adults. Ann Emerg Med 1993;22:1337–48. 10.1016/S0196-0644(05)80120-98333641
Alldredge BK, Gelb AM, Isaacs SM, Corry MD, Allen F, Ulrich S, et al. A comparison of lorazepam, diazepam, and placebo for the treatment of out-of-hospital status epilepticus. N Engl J Med 2001;345:631–7. 10.1056/NEJMoa00214111547716
Silbergleit R, Lowenstein D, Durkalski V, Conwit R, NETT Investigators. Lessons from the RAMPART study – and which is the best route of administration of benzodiazepines in status epilepticus. Epilepsia 2013;54(Suppl. 6):74–7. 10.1111/epi.1228424001080
Glauser T, Shinnar S, Gloss D, Alldredge B, Arya R, Bainbridge J, et al. Evidence-based guideline: treatment of convulsive status epilepticus in children and adults: report of the Guideline Committee of the American Epilepsy Society. Epilepsy Curr 2016;16:48–61. 10.5698/1535-7597-16.1.4826900382
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Epilepsies: Diagnosis and Management. Clinical Guideline [CG137]. London: NICE; 2012. URL: www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg137 (accessed July 2020).
Patel SB, Kress JP. Sedation and analgesia in the mechanically ventilated patient. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012;185:486–97. 10.1164/rccm.201102-0273CI22016443
Riviello JJ, Claassen J, LaRoche SM, Sperling MR, Alldredge B, Bleck TP, et al. Treatment of status epilepticus: an international survey of experts. Neurocrit Care 2013;18:193–200. 10.1007/s12028-012-9790-123097138
Parsons AM, Patel AA, Crepeau AZ. Treatment of status epilepticus: what are the guidelines and are we following them? Neurologist 2020;25:89–92. 10.1097/NRL.000000000000028132618836
American Epilepsy Society. Proposed Algorithm for Convulsive Status Epilepticus 2016. URL: www.aesnet.org/sites/default/files/file_attach/PressReleases/2016/CSE%20Treatment%20chart-final_rerelease%20%282%29.jpg (accessed 30 June 2020).
Meierkord H, Boon P, Engelsen B, Göcke K, Shorvon S, Tinuper P, Holtkamp M, European Federation of Neurological Societies. EFNS guideline on the management of status epilepticus in adults. Eur J Neurol 2010;17:348–55. 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2009.02917.x20050893
Roberts DJ, Haroon B, Hall RI. Sedation for critically ill or injured adults in the intensive care unit: a shifting paradigm. Drugs 2012;72:1881–916. 10.2165/11636220-000000000-0000022950534
Jacobi J, Fraser GL, Coursin DB, Riker RR, Fontaine D, Wittbrodt ET, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the sustained use of sedatives and analgesics in the critically ill adult. Crit Care Med 2002;30:119–41. 10.1097/00003246-200201000-0002011902253
Reade MC, Finfer S. Sedation and delirium in the intensive care unit. N Engl J Med 2014;370:444–54. 10.1056/NEJMra120870524476433
Barr J, Fraser GL, Puntillo K, Ely EW, Gélinas C, Dasta JF, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of pain, agitation, and delirium in adult patients in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 2013;41:263–306. 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3182783b7223269131
Bauer TM, Ritz R, Haberthür C, Ha HR, Hunkeler W, Sleight AJ, et al. Prolonged sedation due to accumulation of conjugated metabolites of midazolam. Lancet 1995;346:145–7. 10.1016/S0140-6736(95)91209-67603229
Alvarez N, Besag F, Iivanainen M. Use of antiepileptic drugs in the treatment of epilepsy in people with intellectual disability. J Intellect Disabil Res 1998;42(Suppl. 1):1–15.
Troester MM, Hastriter EV, Ng YT. Dissolving oral clonazepam wafers in the acute treatment of prolonged seizures. J Child Neurol 2010;25:1468–72. 10.1177/088307381036831220413800
Pandharipande PP, Pun BT, Herr DL, Maze M, Girard TD, Miller RR, et al. Effect of sedation with dexmedetomidine vs lorazepam on acute brain dysfunction in mechanically ventilated patients: the MENDS randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2007;298:2644–53. 10.1001/jama.298.22.264418073360
Electronic Medicines Compendium. BUCCOLAM 2.5mg Oromucosal Solution. 2020. URL: www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/2768/smpc (accessed 30 June 2020).
Electronic Medicines Compendium. Diazepam RecTubes 10mg Rectal Solution. 2020. URL: www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/6799/smpc (accessed 30 June 2020).
Electronic Medicines Compendium. Diazemuls Emulsion. 2020. URL: www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/3770/smpc#gref (accessed 30 June 2020).
Electronic Medicines Compendium. Ativan Injection. 2020. URL: www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/2196/SPC/ativan+injection (accessed 30 June 2020).
Electronic Medicines Compendium. Keppra 100 mg/ml Concentrate for Solution for Infusion. 2020. URL: www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/2296/smpc (accessed 30 June 2020).
Kapur J, Elm J, Chamberlain JM, Barsan W, Cloyd J, Lowenstein D, et al. Randomized trial of three anticonvulsant medications for status epilepticus. N Engl J Med 2019;381:2103–13. 10.1056/NEJMoa190579531774955
Hodges BH, Mazur JE. Intravenous valproate in status epilepticus. Ann Pharmacother 2001;35:1465–70. 10.1345/aph.1038711724100
Electronic Medicines Compendium. Sodium Valproate 100mg/ml Solution for Injection or Infusion. 2020. URL: www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/1209/smpc (accessed 30 June 2020).
Hall EA, Wheless JW, Phelps SJ. Status epilepticus: the slow and agonizing death of phenytoin. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther 2020;25:4–6. 10.5863/1551-6776-25.1.431897070
Electronic Medicines Compendium. Phenytoin Hospira 50 mg/ml Injection BP. 2019. URL: www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/3794/smpc (accessed 30 June 2020).
Jamali A, Ali W, Ur Rehman F. Comparison of phenobarbital and sodium valproate for the treatment of status epilepticus in children. Professional Med 2020;27:3543. 10.29309/TPMJ/2020.27.07.3543
Electronic Medicines Compendium. Phenobarbital Sodium 30mg/ml Injection. 2018. URL: www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/3604/smpc#gref (accessed 30 June 2020).
Brigo F, Nardone R, Tezzon F, Trinka E. Nonintravenous midazolam versus intravenous or rectal diazepam for the treatment of early status epilepticus: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Epilepsy Behav 2015;49:325–36. 10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.02.03025817929
Niquet J, Baldwin R, Suchomelova L, Lumley L, Naylor D, Eavey R, Wasterlain CG. Benzodiazepine-refractory status epilepticus: pathophysiology and principles of treatment. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016;1378:166–73. 10.1111/nyas.1314727392038
Zaccara G, Giannasi G, Oggioni R, Rosati E, Tramacere L, Palumbo P, Convulsive Status Epilepticus Study Group of the Uslcentro Toscana, Italy. Challenges in the treatment of convulsive status epilepticus. Seizure 2017;47:17–24. 10.1016/j.seizure.2017.02.01528282553
Higgins JP, Green S. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0. 2011. URL: http://handbook-5-1.cochrane.org/ (accessed July 2020).
Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA Statement. Open Med 2009;3:e123–30. 10.1371/journal.pmed.100009721603045
Sterne JAC, Savović J, Page MJ, Elbers RG, Blencowe NS, Boutron I, et al. RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ 2019;366:l4898. 10.1136/bmj.l489831462531
Navarro V, Dagron C, Elie C, Lamhaut L, Demeret S, Urien S, et al. Prehospital treatment with levetiracetam plus clonazepam or placebo plus clonazepam in status epilepticus (SAMUKeppra): a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial. Lancet Neurol 2016;15:47–55. 10.1016/S1474-4422(15)00296-326627366
Silbergleit R, Durkalski V, Lowenstein D, Conwit R, Pancioli A, Palesch Y, Barsan W, NETT Investigators. Intramuscular versus intravenous therapy for prehospital status epilepticus. N Engl J Med 2012;366:591–600. 10.1056/NEJMoa110749422335736
Shaner DM, McCurdy SA, Herring MO, Gabor AJ. Treatment of status epilepticus: a prospective comparison of diazepam and phenytoin versus phenobarbital and optional phenytoin. Neurology 1988;38:202–7. 10.1212/wnl.38.2.2023277082
Cruickshank M, Imamura M, Counsell C, Aucott L, Manson P, Booth C, et al. Management of the first stage of convulsive status epilepticus in adults: a systematic review of current randomised evidence. J Neurol 2022. 10.1007/s00415-022-10979-2
Claassen J. Dr No: double drug fails to eliminate status epilepticus. Lancet Neurol 2016;15:23–4. 10.1016/S1474-4422(15)00333-626627364
Cock HR, Schapira AH. A comparison of lorazepam and diazepam as initial therapy in convulsive status epilepticus. QJM 2002;95:225–31. 10.1093/qjmed/95.4.22511937649
Kortland LM, Alfter A, Bähr O, Carl B, Dodel R, Freiman TM, et al. Costs and cost-driving factors for acute treatment of adults with status epilepticus: a multicenter cohort study from Germany. Epilepsia 2016;57:2056–66. 10.1111/epi.1358427753082
Santamarina E, Parejo B, Abraira L, Gutiérrez-Viedma Á, Alpuente A, Abarrategui B, et al. Cost of status epilepticus (SE): effects of delayed treatment and SE duration. Epilepsy Behav 2018;89:8–14. 10.1016/j.yebeh.2018.09.04630384104
Shorvon S, Baulac M, Cross H, Trinka E, Walker M, TaskForce on Status Epilepticus of the ILAE Commission for European Affairs. The drug treatment of status epilepticus in Europe: consensus document from a workshop at the first London Colloquium on Status Epilepticus. Epilepsia 2008;49:1277–85. 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01706_3.x18638280
Brigo F, Nardone R, Tezzon F, Trinka E. A common reference-based indirect comparison meta-analysis of buccal versus intranasal midazolam for early status epilepticus. CNS Drugs 2015;29:741–57. 10.1007/s40263-015-0271-x26293745
McMullan J, Sasson C, Pancioli A, Silbergleit R. Midazolam versus diazepam for the treatment of status epilepticus in children and young adults: a meta-analysis. Acad Emerg Med 2010;17:575–82. 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2010.00751.x20624136
Lowenstein DH, Alldredge BK, Allen F, Neuhaus J, Corry M, Gottwald M, et al. The PreHospital Treatment of Status Epilepticus (PHTSE) study: design and methodology. Control Clin Trials 2001;22:290–309. 10.1016/S0197-2456(01)00120-911384791
Alldredge BK, Gelb AM, Isaacs SM, Corry MD, Allen F, Ulrich S, et al. Correction: a comparison of lorazepam, diazepam, and placebo for the treatment of out-of-hospital status epilepticus. New Engl J Med 2001;345:631–7. [Corrigendum published in New Engl J Med 2001;345:1860.] 10.1056/NEJM20011220345252111547716
Navarro V, Dagron C, Demeret S, An K, Lamhaut L, Bolgert F, et al. A prehospital randomized trial in convulsive status epilepticus. Epilepsia 2011;52(Suppl. 8):48–9. 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2011.03236.x21967362
ClinicalTrials.gov. Study of Antiepileptic Drug in Generalised Convulsive Status Epilepticus. Bethesda, MD: National Library of Medicine; 2010. URL: www.cochranelibrary.com/central/doi/10.1002/central/CN-02025411/full (accessed 21 July 2020).
Silbergleit R. Correction: intramuscular versus intravenous therapy for prehospital status epilepticus. New Engl J Med 2012;366:591–600. [Corrigendum published in N Engl J Med 2012;366:1261.] 10.1056/NEJMx12001622335736
Silbergleit R, Lowenstein D, Durkalski V, Conwit R, Neurological Emergency Treatment Trials (NETT) Investigators. RAMPART (Rapid Anticonvulsant Medication Prior to Arrival Trial): a double-blind randomized clinical trial of the efficacy of intramuscular midazolam versus intravenous lorazepam in the prehospital treatment of status epilepticus by paramedics. Epilepsia 2011;52(Suppl. 8):45–7. 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2011.03235.x
Vohra TT, Miller JB, Nicholas KS, Varelas PN, Harsh DM, Durkalski V, et al. Endotracheal intubation in patients treated for prehospital status epilepticus. Neurocrit Care 2015;23:33–43. 10.1007/s12028-014-0106-525623785

Attribution. Moira Cruickshank; Mari Imamura; Corinne Booth; Lorna Aucott; Carl Counsell; Paul Manson et al. (2022). Pre-hospital and emergency department treatment of convulsive status epilepticus in adults: an evidence synthesis. NIHR Journals Library. Copyright © 2022 Cruickshank et al. This work was produced by Cruickshank et al. under the terms of a commissioning contract issued by the Secretary of State for Health and Social Care. This is an Open Access publication distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 4.0 licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaption in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. For attribution the title, original author(s), the publication source – NIHR Journals Library, and the DOI of the publication must be cited. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. NCBI Bookshelf NBK579010. CC BY 4.0. Original source ↗. Text reproduced from the Bookshelf XML without changing wording; figures, images and supplements are not reproduced.