- Mocco J, Zaidat OO, von Kummer R, Yoo AJ, Gupta R, Lopes D, et al. Aspiration thrombectomy after intravenous alteplase versus intravenous alteplase alone. Stroke 2016;47:2331–8. 10.1161/STROKEAHA.116.01337227486173
- Bracard S, Ducrocq X, Mas JL, Soudant M, Oppenheim C, Moulin T, et al. Mechanical thrombectomy after intravenous alteplase versus alteplase alone after stroke (THRACE): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 2016;15:1138–47. 10.1016/S1474-4422(16)30177-627567239
- Muir KW, Ford GA, Messow CM, Ford I, Murray A, Clifton A, et al. Endovascular therapy for acute ischaemic stroke: the Pragmatic Ischaemic Stroke Thrombectomy Evaluation (PISTE) randomised, controlled trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2017;88:38–44. 10.1136/jnnp-2016-31411727756804
- NHS England. Clinical Commissioning Policy: Mechanical Thrombectomy for Acute Ischaemic Stroke (All Ages). Leeds: NHS England; 2018.
- Stroke Unit Trialists Collaboration. Organised inpatient (stroke unit) care for stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;2013:CD000197.
- King’s College London. Sentinel Stroke National Audit Programme. London: School of Population Health and Environmental Studies, King’s College London; 2016. URL: www.strokeaudit.org (accessed 29 September 2021).
- Department of Health and Social Care. The National Stroke Strategy. London: Department of Health and Social Care; 2007.
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Stroke: Diagnosis and Initial Management of Acute Stroke and Transient Ischaemic Attack (TIA). Clinical Guideline 68. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence; 2008.
- Wardlaw JM, Murray V, Berge E, Del Zoppo GJ. Thrombolysis for acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;7:CD000213. 10.1002/14651858.CD000213.pub3
- Intercollegiate Stroke Working Party. National Clinical Guideline for Stroke 5th Edition. London: Royal College of Physicians; 2016.
- Morris S, Ramsay AIG, Boaden RJ, Hunter RM, McKevitt C, Paley L, et al. Impact and sustainability of centralising acute stroke services in English metropolitan areas: retrospective analysis of hospital episode statistics and stroke national audit data. BMJ 2019;364:l1. 10.1136/bmj.l130674465
- Elameer M, Price C, Flynn D, Rodgers H. The impact of acute stroke service centralisation: a time series evaluation. Future Healthc J 2018;5:181–7. 10.7861/futurehosp.5-3-18131098563
- Bray BD, Ayis S, Campbell J, Hoffman A, Roughton M, Tyrrell PJ, et al. Associations between the organisation of stroke services, process of care, and mortality in England: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2013;346:f2827. 10.1136/bmj.f282723667071
- Harbison J, Hossain O, Jenkinson D, Davis J, Louw SJ, Ford GA. Diagnostic accuracy of stroke referrals from primary care, emergency room physicians, and ambulance staff using the face arm speech test. Stroke 2003;34:71–6. 10.1161/01.STR.0000044170.46643.5E12511753
- Wojner-Alexandrov AW, Alexandrov AV, Rodriguez D, Persse D, Grotta JC. Houston paramedic and emergency stroke treatment and outcomes study (HoPSTO). Stroke 2005;36:1512–18. 10.1161/01.STR.0000170700.45340.3915961712
- Berglund A, Svensson L, Sjöstrand C, von Arbin M, von Euler M, Wahlgren N, et al. Higher prehospital priority level of stroke improves thrombolysis frequency and time to stroke unit: the Hyper Acute STroke Alarm (HASTA) study. Stroke 2012;43:2666–70. 10.1161/STROKEAHA.112.65264422879096
- Choi B, Tsai D, McGillivray CG, Amedee C, Sarafin JA, Silver B. Hospital-directed feedback to Emergency Medical Services improves prehospital performance. Stroke 2014;45:2137–40. 10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.00567924876080
- Wood K, Crouch R, Rowland E, Pope C. Clinical handovers between prehospital and hospital staff: literature review. Emerg Med J 2015;32:577–81. 10.1136/emermed-2013-20316525178977
- Iedema R, Ball C, Daly B, Young J, Green T, Middleton PM, et al. Design and trial of a new ambulance-to-emergency department handover protocol: ‘IMIST-AMBO’. BMJ Qual Saf 2012;21:627–33. 10.1136/bmjqs-2011-000766
- Abbott TEF, Ahmad T, Phull MK, Fowler AJ, Hewson R, Biccard BM, et al. The surgical safety checklist and patient outcomes after surgery: a prospective observational cohort study, systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth 2018;120:146–55. 10.1016/j.bja.2017.08.00229397122
- Djogovic D, Green R, Keyes R, Gray S, Stenstrom R, Sweet D, et al. Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians sepsis treatment checklist: optimizing sepsis care in Canadian emergency departments. CJEM 2012;14:36–9. 10.2310/8000.2011.11061022417956
- Bhatia R, Hill MD, Shobha N, Menon B, Bal S, Kochar P, et al. Low rates of acute recanalization with intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator in ischemic stroke: real-world experience and a call for action. Stroke 2010;41:2254–8. 10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.59253520829513
- Saver JL, Goyal M, van der Lugt A, Menon BK, Majoie CB, Dippel DW, et al. Time to treatment with endovascular thrombectomy and outcomes from ischemic stroke: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2016;316:1279–88. 10.1001/jama.2016.1364727673305
- Goyal M, Menon BK, van Zwam WH, Dippel DW, Mitchell PJ, Demchuk AM, et al. Endovascular thrombectomy after large-vessel ischaemic stroke: a meta-analysis of individual patient data from five randomised trials. Lancet 2016;387:1723–31. 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00163-X26898852
- Ford G, James M, White P. Mechanical Thrombectomy for Acute Ischaemic Stroke: An Implementation Guide for the UK. URL: www.oxfordahsn.org/our-work/adopting-innovation/cardiovascular-disease/mt-guide/ (accessed 29 September 2021).
- Ismail M, Armoiry X, Tau N, Zhu F, Sadeh-Gonik U, Piotin M, et al. Mothership versus drip and ship for thrombectomy in patients who had an acute stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurointerv Surg 2019;11:14–19. 10.1136/neurintsurg-2018-01424930297541
- Turc G, Maier B, Naggara O, Seners P, Isabel C, Tisserand M, et al. Clinical scales do not reliably identify acute ischemic stroke patients with large-artery occlusion. Stroke 2016;47:1466–72. 10.1161/strokeaha.116.01314427125526
- Smith EE, Kent DM, Bulsara KR, Leung LY, Lichtman JH, Reeves MJ, et al. Accuracy of prediction instruments for diagnosing large vessel occlusion in individuals with suspected stroke: a systematic review for the 2018 guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 2018;49:e111–e122. 10.1161/STR.000000000000016029367333
- Flynn D, Francis R, Robalino S, Lally J, Snooks H, Rodgers H, et al. A review of enhanced paramedic roles during and after hospital handover of stroke, myocardial infarction and trauma patients. BMC Emerg Med 2017;17:5. 10.1186/s12873-017-0118-528228127
- Flynn D, Francis R, Lally J, Robalino S, Snooks H, Rodgers H, et al. A systematic review of paramedics in hospital for acute stroke, acute myocardial infarction and trauma patients. URL: www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42014010785 (accessed 30 September 2021).
- Lally J, McClelland G, Exley C, Ford G, Price C. Stakeholder engagement in the design of a novel pre-hospital acute stroke assessment. Emerg Med J 2016;33:e9–10. 10.1136/emermed-2016-206139.31
- Glaser BG. The constant comparative method of qualitative analysis. Social Problems 1965;12:436–45. 10.2307/798843
- Braun V, Clarke V, Hayfield N, Terry G. Thematic Analysis. In Liamputtong P, editor. Handbook of Research Methods in Health Social Sciences. Singapore: Springer; 2019. pp. 843–60. 10.1007/978-981-10-5251-4_103
- McNarry AF, Goldhill DR. Simple bedside assessment of level of consciousness: comparison of two simple assessment scales with the Glasgow Coma scale. Anaesthesia 2004;59:34–7. 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2004.03526.x14687096
- Price CI, Shaw L, Dodd P, Exley C, Flynn D, Francis R, et al. Paramedic Acute Stroke Treatment Assessment (PASTA): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2019;20:121. 10.1186/s13063-018-3144-z30755249
- Price CI, Shaw L, Islam S, Javanbakht M, Watkins A, McMeekin P, et al. Effect of an enhanced Paramedic Acute Stroke Treatment Assessment (PASTA) on thrombolysis delivery during emergency stroke care: a cluster randomised clinical trial. JAMA Neurol 2020;77:1–9. 10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.0611
- Brott T, Adams HP, Jr., Olinger CP, Marler JR, Barsan WG, Biller J, et al. Measurements of acute cerebral infarction: a clinical examination scale. Stroke 1989;20:864–70. 10.1161/01.STR.20.7.8642749846
- van Swieten JC, Koudstaal PJ, Visser MC, Schouten HJ, van Gijn J. Interobserver agreement for the assessment of handicap in stroke patients. Stroke 1988;19:604–7. 10.1161/01.str.19.5.6043363593
- Bruno A, Akinwuntan AE, Lin C, Close B, Davis K, Baute V, et al. Simplified modified Rankin scale questionnaire: reproducibility over the telephone and validation with quality of life. Stroke 2011;42:2276–9. 10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.61327321680905
- Rao NM, Levine SR, Gornbein JA, Saver JL. Defining clinically relevant cerebral hemorrhage after thrombolytic therapy for stroke: analysis of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke tissue-type plasminogen activator trials. Stroke 2014;45:2728–33. 10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.00513525096731
- Hsieh MJ, Tang SC, Chiang WC, Tsai LK, Jeng JS, Ma MH. Effect of prehospital notification on acute stroke care: a multicenter study. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2016;24:57. 10.1186/s13049-016-0251-227121501
- Goldberg SA, Porat A, Strother CG, Lim NQ, Wijeratne HR, Sanchez G, et al. Quantitative analysis of the content of EMS handoff of critically ill and injured patients to the emergency department. Prehosp Emerg Care 2017;21:14–17. 10.1080/10903127.2016.119493027420753
- Sujan M, Spurgeon P, Inada-Kim M, Rudd M, Fitton L, Horniblow S, et al. Clinical handover within the emergency care pathway and the potential risks of clinical handover failure (ECHO): primary research. Health Serv Deliv Res 2014;2(5). 10.3310/hsdr02050
- McClelland G, Rodgers H, Flynn D, Price CI. The frequency, characteristics and aetiology of stroke mimic presentations: a narrative review. Eur J Emerg Med 2019;26:2–8. 10.1097/MEJ.000000000000055029727304
- Bhattarai N, Price CI, McMeekin P, Javanbakht M, Vale L, Ford GA, Shaw L. Cost-effectiveness of an enhanced Paramedic Acute Stroke Treatment Assessment (PASTA) during emergency stroke care: economic results from a pragmatic cluster randomized trial [published online ahead of print April 7 2021]. Int J Stroke 2021. 10.1177/17474930211006302
- Rivero-Arias O, Ouellet M, Gray A, Wolstenholme J, Rothwell PM, Luengo-Fernandez R. Mapping the modified Rankin scale (mRS) measurement into the generic EuroQol (EQ-5D) health outcome. Med Decis Making 2010;30:341–54. 10.1177/0272989X0934996119858500
- Curtis L, Burns B. Unit Costs of Health and Social Care 2017. Canterbury: PSSRU, University of Kent; 2017. URL: www.pssru.ac.uk/project-pages/unit-costs/unit-costs-2017/ (accessed 30 October 2018).
- National Institute for Care Excellence. Stroke and Transient Ischaemic Attack in Over 16s: Diagnosis and Initial Management. NICE Guideline [NG128]. London: National Institute for Care Excellence; 2019. URL: www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng128 (accessed 30 September 2021).
- Manca A, Hawkins N, Sculpher MJ. Estimating mean QALYs in trial-based cost-effectiveness analysis: the importance of controlling for baseline utility. Health Econ 2005;14:487–96. 10.1002/hec.94415497198
- Guzauskas GF, Boudreau DM, Villa KF, Levine SR, Veenstra DL. The cost-effectiveness of primary stroke centers for acute stroke care. Stroke 2012;43:1617–23. 10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.64823822535277
- Lovell K, Bower P, Gellatly J, Byford S, Bee P, McMillan D, et al. Clinical effectiveness, cost-effectiveness and acceptability of low-intensity interventions in the management of obsessive-compulsive disorder: the Obsessive-Compulsive Treatment Efficacy randomised controlled Trial (OCTET). Health Technol Assess 2017;21(37). 10.3310/hta21370
- Lally J, Vaittinen A, McClelland G, Price CI, Shaw L, Ford GA, et al. Paramedic experiences of using an enhanced stroke assessment during a cluster randomised trial: a qualitative thematic analysis. Emerg Med J 2020;37:480–5. 10.1136/emermed-2019-20939232546477
- Munroe B, Curtis K, Considine J, Buckley T. The impact structured patient assessment frameworks have on patient care: an integrative review. J Clin Nurs 2013;22:2991–3005. 10.1111/jocn.1222623656285
- Evans SM, Murray A, Patrick I, Fitzgerald M, Smith S, Cameron P. Clinical handover in the trauma setting: a qualitative study of paramedics and trauma team members. Qual Saf Health Care 2010;19:e57. 10.1136/qshc.2009.03907320702445
- Fitzpatrick D, McKenna M, Duncan EAS, Laird C, Lyon R, Corfield A. Critcomms: a national cross-sectional questionnaire based study to investigate prehospital handover practices between ambulance clinicians and specialist prehospital teams in Scotland. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2018;26:45. 10.1186/s13049-018-0512-329859121
- Loseby J, Hudson A, Lyon R. Clinical handover of the trauma and medical patient: a structured approach. J Paramedic Practice 2013;5:563–7. 10.12968/jpar.2013.5.10.563
- Morrison L, Cassidy L, Welsford M, Chan TM. Clinical performance feedback to paramedics: what they receive and what they need. AEM Educ Train 2017;1:87–97. 10.1002/aet2.1002830051016
- Flynn D, Ford GA, McMeekin PJ, White P. Characteristics of intra-arterial thrombectomy service provision in England. Int J Stroke 2016;11:NP83–NP85. 10.1177/174749301665536327334761
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Mechanical Clot Retrieval for Treating Acute Ischaemic Stroke. Interventional Procedures Guidance (IPG548) No. IPG548. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence; 2016.
- Flynn D, Francis R, Halvorsrud K, Gonzalo-Almorox E, Craig D, Robalino S, et al. Intra-arterial mechanical thrombectomy stent retrievers and aspiration devices in the treatment of acute ischaemic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis. Eur Stroke J 2017;2:308–18. 10.1177/239698731771936231008323
- Flynn D, Francis R, McMeekin P, Price C, Ford G, Robalino S, et al. Intra-arterial mechanical thrombectomy in the treatment of acute ischaemic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. URL: www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=16649 (accessed 30 September 2021).
- Balami JS, Sutherland BA, Edmunds LD, Grunwald IQ, Neuhaus AA, Hadley G, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of endovascular thrombectomy compared with best medical treatment for acute ischemic stroke. Int J Stroke 2015;10:1168–78. 10.1111/ijs.1261826310289
- Badhiwala JH, Nassiri F, Alhazzani W, Selim MH, Farrokhyar F, Spears J, et al. Endovascular thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2015;314:1832–43. 10.1001/jama.2015.1376726529161
- Balami JS, White PM, McMeekin PJ, Ford GA, Buchan AM. Complications of endovascular treatment for acute ischemic stroke: prevention and management. Int J Stroke 2018;13:348–61. 10.1177/174749301774305129171362
- Goyal M, Demchuk AM, Menon BK, on behalf of the ESCAPE Trial Investigators. Randomized assessment of rapid endovascular treatment of ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 2015;372:1019–30. 10.1056/NEJMoa141490525671798
- Campbell BC, Mitchell PJ, Kleinig TJ, on behalf of the EXTEND-IA Investigators. Endovascular therapy for ischemic stroke with perfusion-imaging selection. N Engl J Med 2015;372:1009–18. 10.1056/NEJMoa141479225671797
- Berkhemer OA, Fransen PS, Beumer D, on behalf of the MR CLEAN Investigators. A randomized trial of intraarterial treatment for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 2015;372:11–20. 10.1056/NEJMoa141158725517348
- Jovin TG, Chamorro A, Cobo E, on behalf of the REVASCAT Trial Investigators. Thrombectomy within 8 hours after symptom onset in ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 2015;372:2296–306. 10.1056/NEJMoa150378025882510
- Saver JL, Goyal M, Bonafe A, on behalf of the SWIFT PRIME Investigators. Stent-retriever thrombectomy after intravenous t-PA vs. t-PA alone in stroke. N Engl J Med 2015;372:2285–95. 10.1056/NEJMoa141506125882376
- Halvorsrud K, Flynn D, Ford GA, McMeekin P, Bhalla A, Balami J, et al. A Delphi study and ranking exercise to support commissioning services: future delivery of thrombectomy services in England. BMC Health Serv Res 2018;18:135. 10.1186/s12913-018-2922-329471828
- Hsu CC, Sandford BA. The Delphi technique: making sense of consensus. Pract Assess Res Eval 2007;12:1–7.
- Pearl G, Cruice M. Facilitating the Involvement of people with aphasia in stroke research by developing communicatively accessible research resources. Top Lang Disord 2017;37:67–84. 10.1097/TLD.0000000000000112
- Stroke Association. Research Survey: Preferences for Delivery of Clot Retrieval Services for Stroke in the UK. URL: www.stroke.org.uk/news/research-survey-preferences-delivery-clot-retrieval-services-stroke-uk (accessed 27 September 2021).
- McMeekin P, White P, James MA, Price CI, Flynn D, Ford GA. Estimating the number of UK stroke patients eligible for endovascular thrombectomy. Eur Stroke J 2017;2:319–26. 10.1177/239698731773334329900409
- NHS National Services Scotland. Scottish Stroke Improvement Programme. Edinburgh: NHS National Services Scotland; 2016.
- McMeekin P, White PM, James MA, Price CI, Flynn D, Ford GA. Incorporating evidence from recent trials in to estimates of stroke patients eligible for thrombectomy. Int J Stroke 2018;13.
- Albers GW, Marks MP, Kemp S, Christensen S, Tsai JP, Ortega-Gutierrez S, et al. Thrombectomy for stroke at 6 to 16 hours with selection by perfusion imaging. N Engl J Med 2018;378:708–18. 10.1056/NEJMoa171397329364767
- Nogueira RG, Jadhav AP, Haussen DC, Bonafe A, Budzik RF, Bhuva P, et al. Thrombectomy 6 to 24 hours after stroke with a mismatch between deficit and infarct. N Engl J Med 2018;378:11–21. 10.1056/NEJMoa170644229129157
- Hill MD, Demchuk AM, Goyal M. Alberta stroke program early computed tomography score to select patients for endovascular treatment: Interventional Management of Stroke (IMS)-III Trial. Stroke 2014;45:444–9. 10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.00358024335227
- Román LS, Menon BK, Blasco J, Hernández-Pérez M, Dávalos A, Majoie CBLM, et al. Imaging features and safety and efficacy of endovascular stroke treatment: a meta-analysis of individual patient-level data. Lancet Neurol 2018;17:895–904. 10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30242-430264728
- Advisory Committee on Resource Allocation, NHS. Advisory Committee on Resource Allocation (ACRA) (2015) 36 – Costs of Unavoidable Smallness due to Remoteness. 2016. URL: www.england.nhs.uk/publication/advisory-committee-on-resource-allocation-acra-2015-36-costs-of-unavoidable-smallness-due-to-remoteness/ (accessed 28 September 2021).
- Great Britain. The Air Navigation Order 2016 (SI 2016/765). London: The Stationery Office; 2016. URL: www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2016/765 (accessed 17 November 2021).
- Balami JS, Coughlan D, White PM, McMeekin P, Flynn D, Roffe C, et al. The cost of providing mechanical thrombectomy in the UK NHS: a micro-costing study. Clin Med 2020;20:e40–5. 10.7861/clinmed.2019-0413
- McMeekin P, Flynn D, Allen M, Coughlan D, Ford GA, Lumley H, et al. Estimating the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of establishing additional endovascular thrombectomy stroke Centres in England: a discrete event simulation. BMC Health Serv Res 2019;19:821. 10.1186/s12913-019-4678-931703684
- Coughlan D, McMeekin P, Flynn D, Ford GA, Lumley H, Burgess D, et al. Secondary transfer of emergency stroke patients eligible for mechanical thrombectomy by air in rural England: economic evaluation and considerations. Emerg Med J 2021;38:33–9. 10.1136/emermed-2019-20903933172878
- Karnon J, Stahl J, Brennan A, Caro JJ, Mar J, Moller J, et al. Modeling using discrete event simulation: a report of the ISPOR-SMDM Modeling Good Research Practices Task Force – 4. Value Health 2012;15:821–7. 10.1016/j.jval.2012.04.01322999131
- McMeekin P, Gray J, Ford GA, Rodgers H, Price CI. Modelling the efficiency of local versus central provision of intravenous thrombolysis after acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 2013;44:3114–19. 10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.00124023982716
- Slot KB, Berge E, Dorman P, Lewis S, Dennis M, Sandercock P, Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project, the International Stroke Trial (UK). Impact of functional status at six months on long term survival in patients with ischaemic stroke: prospective cohort studies. BMJ 2008;336:376–9. 10.1136/bmj.39456.688333.BE18230644
- Slot KB, Berge E, Sandercock P, Lewis SC, Dorman P, Dennis M, Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project. Causes of death by level of dependency at 6 months after ischemic stroke in 3 large cohorts. Stroke 2009;40:1585–9. 10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.53153319265057
- Office for National Statistics. National Life Tables, UK: 2015 to 2017. London: Office for National Statistics; 2018.
- Knuth DE. The Art of Computer Programming, Volume 1: Fundamental Algorithms. 2nd edn. Boston, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company; 1973.
- Edwards JD, Kapral MK, Fang J, Swartz RH. Trends in long-term mortality and morbidity in patients with no early complications after stroke and transient ischemic attack. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2017;26:1641–5. 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2016.09.03828506592
- Allen M, Pearn K, James M, Ford GA, White P, Rudd AG, et al. Maximising access to thrombectomy services for stroke in England: a modelling study. Eur Stroke J 2019;4:39–49. 10.1177/239698731878542131165093
- Elwyn G, O’Connor AM, Bennett C, Newcombe RG, Politi M, Durand MA, et al. Assessing the quality of decision support technologies using the International Patient Decision Aid Standards instrument (IPDASi). PLOS ONE 2009;4:e4705. 10.1371/journal.pone.000470519259269
- Balami JS, McMeekin P, White PM, Flynn D, Roffe C, Wiggam I, et al. Case costing of mechanical thrombectomy for acute ischaemic stroke in routine clinical setting: cost differences between mothership vs drip and ship. Int J Stroke 2018;13(Suppl. 3):10–65.
- Department of Health and Social Care, NHS England. The NHS Long Term Plan. 2019. URL: www.longtermplan.nhs.uk (accessed 29 September 2021).
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Stroke and Transient Ischaemic Attack in Over 16s: Diagnosis and Initial Management. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence; 2019.
- Helwig SA, Ragoschke-Schumm A, Schwindling L, Kettner M, Roumia S, Kulikovski J, et al. Prehospital stroke management optimized by use of clinical scoring vs mobile stroke unit for triage of patients with stroke: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Neurol 2019;76:1484–92. 10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.282931479116
- ClinicalTrials.gov. Direct Transfer to an Endovascular Center Compared to Transfer to the Closest Stroke Center in Acute Stroke Patients with Suspected Large Vessel Occlusion (RACECAT). 2016. URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02795962 (accessed 30 September 2021).
- King’s College London. National Results – Clinical. URL: www.strokeaudit.org/results/Clinical-audit/National-Results.aspx (accessed August 2021).
- King’s College London. National Results – Organisational. URL: www.strokeaudit.org/results/Organisational/National-Organisational.aspx (accessed August 2021).
- Intercollegiate Stroke Working Party. National Clinical Guidelines for Stroke. URL: www.strokeaudit.org/SupportFiles/Documents/Guidelines/2016-National-Clinical-Guideline-for-Stroke-5t-(1).aspx (accessed August 2021).
- NHS Digital. HRG4+ 2016/17 Reference Costs. URL: https://digital.nhs.uk/services/national-casemix-office/downloads-groupers-and-tools/grouper-and-tools-archive/costing-hrg4-2016-17-reference-costs-grouper (accessed 30 September 2021).
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Stroke (Update) Evidence Review D: Thrombectomy. URL: www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng128/documents/evidence-review-4 (accessed August 2021).
- Dijkland SA, Voormolen DC, Venema E, Roozenbeek B, Polinder S, Haagsma JA, et al. Utility-Weighted modified Rankin scale as primary outcome in stroke trials: a simulation study. Stroke 2018;49:965–71. 10.1161/STROKEAHA.117.02019429535271
- Dewilde S, Annemans L, Peeters A, Hemelsoet D, Vandermeeren Y, Desfontaines P, et al. Modified Rankin scale as a determinant of direct medical costs after stroke. Int J Stroke 2017;12:392–400. 10.1177/174749301769198428164742
- Rothwell PM, Coull AJ, Silver LE, Fairhead JF, Giles MF, Lovelock CE, et al. Population-based study of event-rate, incidence, case fatality, and mortality for all acute vascular events in all arterial territories (Oxford Vascular Study). Lancet 2005;366:1773–83. 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67702-116298214
Improving emergency treatment for patients with acute stroke: the PEARS research programme, including the PASTA cluster RCT · References
References
Attribution. Christopher I Price; Phil White; Joyce Balami; Nawaraj Bhattarai; Diarmuid Coughlan; Catherine Exley et al. (2022). Improving emergency treatment for patients with acute stroke: the PEARS research programme, including the PASTA cluster RCT. National Institute for Health and Care Research. Copyright © 2022 Price et al. This work was produced by Price et al. under the terms of a commissioning contract issued by the Secretary of State for Health and Social Care. This is an Open Access publication distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 4.0 licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaption in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. For attribution the title, original author(s), the publication source – NIHR Journals Library, and the DOI of the publication must be cited. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. NCBI Bookshelf NBK580761. CC BY 4.0. Original source ↗. Text reproduced from the Bookshelf XML without changing wording; figures, images and supplements are not reproduced.