We are grateful to all study participants and the DECIPHer ALPHA young people’s advisory group for providing a public perspective on study methods and supporting the drafting of the Plain language summary. We also acknowledge the support of our Study Steering Committee whose members included Professor Amanda Amos (University of Edinburgh), Professor Matt Egan (London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine), Dr Chris Roberts (Welsh Government), Dr David Humphreys (Oxford University), Mrs Sheila Duffy (ASH Scotland), Dr Ashley Gould (Public Health Wales) and Dr Sharon Cox (University College London).
We thank Douglas Eadie and Elen deLacy for supporting collection of data in Scotland and Wales, respectively, and Lindsey Allen for providing administrative support to the study. In addition to team members who have contributed throughout the study and to its final report, the Study Management Group at various stages of the project included Professor Laurence Moore (University of Glasgow) who contributed to early publications, and Professor Simon Murphy (Cardiff University) who supported access to the SHRN survey and inclusion of bespoke measures for this study, and provided initial mentoring to the (at the time) early career principal investigator, during study set-up.
We are grateful to the Welsh Government for providing HBSC data for analysis and to the UK Data Service for provision of data sets for Scotland and England. We also thank the SHRN team, which is based in DECIPHer and funded by Welsh Government through Health and Care Research Wales, for provision of data from Wales.
Ethics approval was provided by the Cardiff University School of Social Sciences Research Ethics Committee (reference SREC/2188) in March 2017.
Contributions of authors
Graham Moore (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0205-7436) (Professor of Social Sciences and Public Health) led the conceptualisation of the study and the integration of study components, as well as the writing of the report.
Britt Hallingberg (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8016-5793) [Lecturer in Health and Wellbeing (Cardiff Metropolitan University) and Honorary Research Associate (Cardiff University)] managed the quantitative elements of the study, including conduct of all survey data analysis (except short-term impact analysis), and contributed to writing the first draft of the report, including sections in Chapters 2, 3 and 5.
Rachel Brown (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4475-1733) (Research Fellow) managed the process evaluation, led qualitative analysis and wrote first drafts of sections of all results chapters.
Jennifer McKell (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2912-0837) (Research Fellow) undertook qualitative interviews and observations in Scotland, contributed to qualitative data analysis, led the Scottish study arm (following Linda Bauld’s move to the University of Edinburgh) and wrote first drafts of sections of Chapter 4.
Jordan Van Godwin (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5288-6614) (Research Associate) supported qualitative work in Cardiff, including fieldwork and contributions to qualitative data analysis, and wrote first drafts of sections of Chapter 4.
Linda Bauld (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7411-4260) (Bruce and John Usher Chair of Public Health) contributed to study design and conceptualisation, contributed to qualitative data collection in Scotland, and contributed to all study elements, providing policy advice and input into publications. Led the University of Stirling team until movement to University of Edinburgh in 2018.
Linsay Gray (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6918-5037) (Senior Investigator Scientist) was involved in study design and conceptualisation, led the design of the statistical analysis plan, advised on its implementation and contributed to reporting of quantitative study elements.
Olivia Maynard (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9048-6627) (Senior Lecturer in Experimental Psychology) led qualitative work and observations in the English study arm, and contributed to writing up of all study components.
Anne-Marie Mackintosh (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2998-8203) (Senior Researcher) was involved in study design and conceptualisation, and contributed to all study elements, providing comments and input into publications.
Marcus Munafò (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4049-993X) (Professor of Biological Psychology) led the University of Bristol team, was involved in study design and conceptualisation, and contributed to reporting of quantitative study elements.
Anna Blackwell (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4984-1818) (Senior Research Associate) supported qualitative data collection in Bristol and contributed to the write-up of qualitative study components.
Emily Lowthian (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9362-0046) (Lecturer in Education) led the merging of quantitative data sets, undertook quality checks of analyses undertaken by Britt Hallingberg and Nicholas Page, and contributed to the write-up of quantitative study components.
Nicholas Page (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4671-2797) (Research Associate) led the quantitative components of the study during Britt Hallingberg’s maternity leave mid-way through the study (including implementing short-term effects analysis in Chapter 4), undertook quality checks of analyses undertaken by Britt Hallingberg and contributed to the write-up of quantitative study components.
Publications
Brown R, Bauld L, de Lacy E, Hallingberg B, Maynard O, McKell J, et al. A qualitative study of e-cigarette emergence and the potential for renormalisation of smoking in UK youth. Int J Drug Policy 2020;75:102598.
Hallingberg B, Maynard OM, Bauld L, Brown R, Gray L, Lowthian E, et al. Have e-cigarettes renormalised or displaced youth smoking? Results of a segmented regression analysis of repeated cross sectional survey data in England, Scotland and Wales. Tob Control 2020;29:207–16.
Moore G, Brown R, Page N, Hallingberg B, Maynard O, McKell J, et al. Young people’s use of e-cigarettes in Wales, England and Scotland before and after introduction of EU Tobacco Products Directive regulations: a mixed-method natural experimental evaluation. Int J Drug Policy 2020;85:102795.
Brown R, Van Godwin J, Page N, Bauld L, McKell J, Hallingberg B, et al. Implementation of e-cigarette regulation through the EU Tobacco Products Directive (2016) in Wales, Scotland and England from the perspectives of stakeholders involved in policy introduction and enforcement. Tob Prev Cessat 2021;7:36.
Data-sharing statement
All requests for data held by the lead institution should be submitted to the corresponding author for consideration. Access to anonymised data may be granted following review. Other data sets used in this report, but not owned or retained by the lead institution, are accessible via the UK Data Service as below:
National Centre for Social Research, National Foundation for Educational Research. Smoking, Drinking and Drug Use Among Young People, 2000. [data collection]. UK Data Service; 2002. Available from: http://doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-4485-1
National Centre for Social Research, National Foundation for Educational Research. Smoking, Drinking and Drug Use Among Young People, 2001. [data collection]. UK Data Service; 2003. Available from: http://doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-4648-1
National Centre for Social Research, National Foundation for Educational Research. Smoking, Drinking and Drug Use Among Young People, 2002. [data collection]. 2nd edn. UK Data Service; 2004. Available from: http://doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-4764-1
National Centre for Social Research, National Foundation for Educational Research. Smoking, Drinking and Drug Use Among Young People, 2003. [data collection]. UK Data Service 2005. Available from: http://doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-5287-1
National Centre for Social Research, National Foundation for Educational Research. Smoking, Drinking and Drug Use Among Young People, 2004. [data collection]. UK Data Service; 2005. Available from: http://doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-5288-1
National Centre for Social Research, National Foundation for Educational Research. Smoking, Drinking and Drug Use Among Young People, 2005. [data collection]. UK Data Service 2007. Available from: http://doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-5568-1
National Centre for Social Research, National Foundation for Educational Research. Smoking, Drinking and Drug Use Among Young People, 2006. [data collection]. 2008. Available from: http://doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-5789-1
National Centre for Social Research, National Foundation for Educational Research. Smoking, Drinking and Drug Use Among Young People, 2007. [data collection]. UK Data Service; 2008. Available from: http://doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-6005-1
National Centre for Social Research, National Foundation for Educational Research. Smoking, Drinking and Drug Use Among Young People, 2008. [data collection]. UK Data Service; 2009. Available from: http://doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-6287-1
National Centre for Social Research, National Foundation for Educational Research. Smoking, Drinking and Drug Use Among Young People, 2009. [data collection]. UK Data Service.; 2010. Available from: http://doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-6603-1
National Centre for Social Research, National Foundation for Educational Research. Smoking, Drinking and Drug Use Among Young People, 2010. [data collection]. UK Data Service; 2011. Available from: http://doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-6883-1
National Centre for Social Research, National Foundation for Educational Research. Smoking, Drinking and Drug Use Among Young People, 2011. [data collection].: UK Data Service; 2012. Available from: http://doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-7156-1
National Centre for Social Research, National Foundation for Educational Research. Smoking, Drinking and Drug Use Among Young People, 2012. [data collection]. UK Data Service; 2013. Available from: http://doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-7393-1
National Centre for Social Research. Smoking, Drinking and Drug Use Among Young People, 2013. [data collection]. UK Data Service; 2015. Available from: http://doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-7662-1
NatCen Social Research. Smoking, Drinking and Drug Use Among Young People, 2014. [data collection]. UK Data Service; 2015. Available from: http://doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-7811-1
Office for National Statistics, Social Survey Division. Smoking, Drinking and Drug Use Among Young Teenagers, 1998. [data collection]. UK Data Service; 2000. Available from: http://doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-4125-1
Office for National Statistics, Social Survey Division. Smoking, Drinking and Drug Use Among Young Teenagers, 1999. [data collection]. UK Data Service; 2001. Available from: http://doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-4382-1
NHS Digital. Smoking, Drinking and Drug Use Among Young People, 2016. [data collection]. UK Data Service. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-8320-1
NHS Digital. Smoking, Drinking and Drug Use Among Young People, 2018. [data collection]. UK Data Service; 2021. Available from: http://doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-8863-1
Ipsos MORI Scotland. Scottish Schools Adolescent Lifestyle and Substance Use Survey Trend Data, 1990–2013. [data collection]. UK Data Service; 2015. Available from: http://doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-7849-2
Ipsos MORI Scotland. Scottish Schools Adolescent Lifestyle and Substance Use Survey, 2015. [data collection]. UK Data Service; 2017. Available from: http://doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-8174-1
Ipsos MORI Scotland. Scottish Schools Adolescent Lifestyle and Substance Use Survey, 2018. [data collection]. UK Data Service. SN: 8615. Available from: http://doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-8615-1
Disclaimers
This report presents independent research funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR). The views and opinions expressed by authors in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the NHS, the NIHR, the PHR programme or the Department of Health and Social Care. If there are verbatim quotations included in this publication the views and opinions expressed by the interviewees are those of the interviewees and do not necessarily reflect those of the authors, those of the NHS, the NIHR, the PHR programme or the Department of Health and Social Care.