- Chief Medical Officer. Annual Report of the Chief Medical Officer. Volume 2, 2011. Infections and the Rise of Antimicrobial Resistance. London: Department of Health and Social Care; 2013.
- The Review on Antimicrobial Resistance chaired by Jim O’Neill. Tackling Drug-Resistant Infections Globally: Final Report and Recommendations. London: Review on Antimicrobial Resistance; 2016.
- Kaier K. Economic modeling of the persistence of antimicrobial resistance. Nat Res Model 2012;25:388–402. 10.1111/j.1939-7445.2011.00114.x
- Gandra S, Barter DM, Laxminarayan R. Economic burden of antibiotic resistance: how much do we really know? Clin Microbiol Infect 2014;20:973–80. 10.1111/1469-0691.1279825273968
- Laxminarayan R, Matsoso P, Pant S, Brower C, Røttingen JA, Klugman K, Davies S. Access to effective antimicrobials: a worldwide challenge. Lancet 2016;387:168–75. 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00474-226603918
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Prescribing of Antibiotics for Self-limiting Respiratory Tract Infections in Adults and Children in Primary Care. London: NICE; 2008.
- Gulliford M, Latinovic R, Charlton J, Little P, van Staa T, Ashworth M. Selective decrease in consultations and antibiotic prescribing for acute respiratory tract infections in UK primary care up to 2006. J Public Health 2009;31:512–20. 10.1093/pubmed/fdp081
- Gulliford MC, Dregan A, Moore MV, Ashworth M, Staa Tv, McCann G, et al. Continued high rates of antibiotic prescribing to adults with respiratory tract infection: survey of 568 UK general practices. BMJ Open 2014;4:e006245. 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006245
- Ashworth M, Charlton J, Latinovic R, Gulliford M. Age-related changes in consultations and antibiotic prescribing for acute respiratory infections, 1995–2000. Data from the UK General Practice Research Database. J Clin Pharm Ther 2006;31:461–7. 10.1111/j.1365-2710.2006.00765.x16958824
- Fossum GH, Lindbæk M, Gjelstad S, Dalen I, Kværner KJ. Are children carrying the burden of broad-spectrum antibiotics in general practice? Prescription pattern for paediatric outpatients with respiratory tract infections in Norway. BMJ Open 2013;3:e002285. 10.1136/bmjopen-2012-002285
- Little P, Gould C, Williamson I, Warner G, Gantley M, Kinmonth AL. Reattendance and complications in a randomised trial of prescribing strategies for sore throat: the medicalising effect of prescribing antibiotics. BMJ 1997;315:350–2. 10.1136/bmj.315.7104.3509270458
- Venekamp RP, Sanders S, Glasziou PP, Del Mar CB, Rovers MM. Antibiotics for acute otitis media in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;1:CD000219. 10.1002/14651858.CD000219.pub3
- Spinks A, Glasziou PP, Del Mar CB. Antibiotics for sore throat. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;11:CD000023. 10.1002/14651858.CD000023.pub4
- Dagan R, Leibovitz E, Greenberg D, Yagupsky P, Fliss DM, Leiberman A. Dynamics of pneumococcal nasopharyngeal colonization during the first days of antibiotic treatment in pediatric patients. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1998;17:880–5. 10.1097/00006454-199810000-000069802628
- Standing Medical Advisory Committee. The Path of Least Resistance. London: Department of Health and Social Care; 2009.
- Gulliford MC, van Staa T, Dregan A, McDermott L, McCann G, Ashworth M, et al. Electronic health records for intervention research: a cluster randomized trial to reduce antibiotic prescribing in primary care (eCRT study). Ann Fam Med 2014;12:344–51. 10.1370/afm.165925024243
- Linder JA. Antibiotic prescribing for acute respiratory infections – success that’s way off the mark: comment on ‘A cluster randomized trial of decision support strategies for reducing antibiotic use in acute bronchitis’. JAMA Intern Med 2013;173:273–5. 10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.198423318503
- van den Broek d’Obrenan J, Verheij TJ, Numans ME, van der Velden AW. Antibiotic use in Dutch primary care: relation between diagnosis, consultation and treatment. J Antimicrob Chemother 2014;69:1701–7. 10.1093/jac/dku00524508898
- Ranji SR, Steinman MA, Shojania KG, Sundaram V, Lewis R, Arnold S, et al. Closing the Quality Gap: A Critical Analysis of Quality Improvement Strategies. Volume 4: Antibiotic Prescribing Behaviour. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2006.
- Ranji SR, Steinman MA, Shojania KG, Gonzales R. Interventions to reduce unnecessary antibiotic prescribing: a systematic review and quantitative analysis. Med Care 2008;46:847–62. 10.1097/MLR.0b013e318178eabd18665065
- Little P, Stuart B, Francis N, Douglas E, Tonkin-Crine S, Anthierens S, et al. Effects of internet-based training on antibiotic prescribing rates for acute respiratory-tract infections: a multinational, cluster, randomised, factorial, controlled trial. Lancet 2013;382:1175–82. 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60994-023915885
- Gerber JS, Prasad PA, Fiks AG, Localio AR, Grundmeier RW, Bell LM, et al. Effect of an outpatient antimicrobial stewardship intervention on broad-spectrum antibiotic prescribing by primary care pediatricians: a randomized trial. JAMA 2013;309:2345–52. 10.1001/jama.2013.628723757082
- Gonzales R, Anderer T, McCulloch CE, Maselli JH, Bloom FJ, Graf TR, et al. A cluster randomized trial of decision support strategies for reducing antibiotic use in acute bronchitis. JAMA Intern Med 2013;173:267–73. 10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.158923319069
- Gjelstad S, Høye S, Straand J, Brekke M, Dalen I, Lindbæk M. Improving antibiotic prescribing in acute respiratory tract infections: cluster randomised trial from Norwegian general practice (prescription peer academic detailing (Rx-PAD) study). BMJ 2013;347:f4403. 10.1136/bmj.f440323894178
- Butler CC, Simpson SA, Dunstan F, Rollnick S, Cohen D, Gillespie D, et al. Effectiveness of multifaceted educational programme to reduce antibiotic dispensing in primary care: practice based randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2012;344:d8173. 10.1136/bmj.d817322302780
- Høye S, Gjelstad S, Lindbæk M. Effects on antibiotic dispensing rates of interventions to promote delayed prescribing for respiratory tract infections in primary care. Br J Gen Pract 2013;63:e777–86. 10.3399/bjgp13X67446824267861
- Spurling GK, Del Mar CB, Dooley L, Foxlee R, Farley R. Delayed antibiotics for respiratory infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;4:CD004417. 10.1002/14651858.CD004417.pub4
- Ivers NM, Grimshaw JM, Jamtvedt G, Flottorp S, O’Brien MA, French SD, et al. Growing literature, stagnant science? Systematic review, meta-regression and cumulative analysis of audit and feedback interventions in health care. J Gen Intern Med 2014;29:1534–41. 10.1007/s11606-014-2913-y24965281
- Roshanov PS, Fernandes N, Wilczynski JM, Hemens BJ, You JJ, Handler SM, et al. Features of effective computerised clinical decision support systems: meta-regression of 162 randomised trials. BMJ 2013;346:f657. 10.1136/bmj.f65723412440
- McDermott L, Yardley L, Little P, van Staa T, Dregan A, McCann G, et al. Process evaluation of a point-of-care cluster randomised trial using a computer-delivered intervention to reduce antibiotic prescribing in primary care. BMC Health Serv Res 2014;14:594. 10.1186/s12913-014-0594-125700144
- Gulliford MC, Moore MV, Little P, Hay AD, Fox R, Prevost AT, et al. Safety of reduced antibiotic prescribing for self limiting respiratory tract infections in primary care: cohort study using electronic health records. BMJ 2016;354:i3410. 10.1136/bmj.i341027378578
- Petersen I, Johnson AM, Islam A, Duckworth G, Livermore DM, Hayward AC. Protective effect of antibiotics against serious complications of common respiratory tract infections: retrospective cohort study with the UK General Practice Research Database. BMJ 2007;335:982. 10.1136/bmj.39345.405243.BE17947744
- Brouwer MC, Coutinho JM, van de Beek D. Clinical characteristics and outcome of brain abscess: systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurology 2014;82:806–13. 10.1212/WNL.000000000000017224477107
- Sinave CP, Hardy GJ, Fardy PW. The Lemierre syndrome: suppurative thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein secondary to oropharyngeal infection. Medicine 1989;68:85–94. 10.1097/00005792-198903000-000022646510
- Björk H, Bieber L, Hedin K, Sundqvist M. Tonsillar colonisation of Fusobacterium necrophorum in patients subjected to tonsillectomy. BMC Infect Dis 2015;15:264. 10.1186/s12879-015-0975-z26159432
- Centor RM, Atkinson TP, Ratliff AE, Xiao L, Crabb DM, Estrada CA, et al. The clinical presentation of fusobacterium-positive and streptococcal-positive pharyngitis in a university health clinic: a cross-sectional study. Ann Int Med. 2015;162:241–7. 10.7326/M14-130525686164
- Chief Medical Officer (CMO). Unusual Disease Diagnosis. Lemierre’s Syndrome. CMO’s Update 29th February 2001. London: Department of Health and Social Care; 2001.
- Maes N. I thought my awful headache was flu – but it was meningitis. Daily Mail. 2015. URL: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-3047737/I-thought-awful-headache-flu-meningitis-s-not-just-children-risk-terrifying-illness-s-easy-adults-mistake-symptoms.html (accessed 5 January 2018).
- McDermott L, Yardley L, Little P, Ashworth M, Gulliford M, eCRT Research Team. Developing a computer delivered, theory based intervention for guideline implementation in general practice. BMC Fam Pract 2010;11:90. 10.1186/1471-2296-11-9021087469
- Gulliford MC, Charlton J, Prevost T, Booth H, Fildes A, Ashworth M, et al. Costs and outcomes of increasing access to bariatric surgery: cohort study and cost-effectiveness analysis using electronic health records. Value Health 2017;20:85–92. 10.1016/j.jval.2016.08.73428212974
- Bandura A. Social cognitive theory of self-regulation. Organ Behav Hum Decis Proc 1991;50:248–87. 10.1016/0749-5978(91)90022-L
- Deci EL, Ryan RM. The empirical exploration of intrinsic motivational processes. Adv Exp Soc Psychol 1980;13:39–80. 10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60130-6
- Eccles MP, Grimshaw JM, Johnston M, Steen N, Pitts NB, Thomas R, et al. Applying psychological theories to evidence-based clinical practice: identifying factors predictive of managing upper respiratory tract infections without antibiotics. Implement Sci 2007;2:26. 10.1186/1748-5908-2-2617683558
- Hrisos S, Eccles M, Johnston M, Francis J, Kaner EF, Steen N, Grimshaw J. An intervention modelling experiment to change GPs’ intentions to implement evidence-based practice: using theory-based interventions to promote GP management of upper respiratory tract infection without prescribing antibiotics. BMC Health Serv Res 2008;8:10. 10.1186/1472-6963-8-1018194526
- Little P. Advice to parents has limited effect – where next? BMJ 2004;329:269. 10.1136/bmj.329.7460.26915284150
- Rashidian A, Eccles MP, Russell I. Falling on stony ground? A qualitative study of implementation of clinical guidelines’ prescribing recommendations in primary care. Health Policy 2008;85:148–61. 10.1016/j.healthpol.2007.07.01117767976
- Hoffmann TC, Glasziou PP, Boutron I, Milne R, Perera R, Moher D, et al. Better reporting of interventions: Template for Intervention Description and Replication (TIDieR) checklist and guide. BMJ 2014;348:g1687. 10.1136/bmj.g168724609605
- Braun V, Clarke V. Thematic Analysis. In Cooper H. editor. The Handbook of Research Methods in Psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2012. pp. 57–71. 10.1037/13620-004
- Herrett E, Gallagher AM, Bhaskaran K, Forbes H, Mathur R, van Staa T, Smeeth L. Data Resource Profile: Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD). Int J Epidemiol 2015;44:827–36. 10.1093/ije/dyv09826050254
- Dregan A, van Staa TP, McDermott L, McCann G, Ashworth M, Charlton J, et al. Point-of-care cluster randomized trial in stroke secondary prevention using electronic health records. Stroke 2014;45:2066–71. 10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.00571324903985
- Herrett E, Williamson E, van Staa T, Ranopa M, Free C, Chadborn T, et al. Text messaging reminders for influenza vaccine in primary care: a cluster randomised controlled trial (TXT4FLUJAB). BMJ Open 2016;6:e010069. 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010069
- Julious SA, Horspool MJ, Davis S, Bradburn M, Norman P, Shephard N, et al. PLEASANT: Preventing and Lessening Exacerbations of Asthma in School-age children Associated with a New Term – a cluster randomised controlled trial and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess 2016;20(93). 10.3310/hta20930
- Juszczyk D, Charlton J, McDermott L, Soames J, Sultana K, Ashworth M, et al. Electronically delivered, multicomponent intervention to reduce unnecessary antibiotic prescribing for respiratory infections in primary care: a cluster randomised trial using electronic health records – REDUCE trial study original protocol. BMJ Open 2016;6:e010892. 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010892
- Altman DG, Bland JM. Treatment allocation by minimisation. BMJ 2005;330:843. 10.1136/bmj.330.7495.84315817555
- Joint Formulary Committee. British National Formulary. September 2015 ed. London: BMJ Group and Pharmaceutical Press; 2015.
- NHS Employers (NHSE). Seasonal Flu At Risk Read Codes 2015–2016. Leeds: NHSE; 2016.
- Bhattarai N, Charlton J, Rudisill C, Gulliford MC. Prevalence of depression and utilization of health care in single and multiple morbidity: a population-based cohort study. Psychol Med 2013;43:1423–31. 10.1017/S003329171200249823114010
- Charlton J, Rudisill C, Bhattarai N, Gulliford M. Impact of deprivation on occurrence, outcomes and health care costs of people with multiple morbidity. J Health Serv Res Policy 2013;18:215–23. 10.1177/135581961349377223945679
- Curtis L, Burns A. Unit Costs of Health and Social Care 2017. Canterbury: Personal Social Services Research Unit, University of Kent; 2017. 10.22024/UniKent/01.02/65559
- Ronnegard L, Shen X, Alam M. HGLM: a package for fitting hierarchical generalized linear models. R J 2010;2:20–8.
- Lee Y, Ronnegard L, Noh M. Data Analysis Using Hierarchical Generalized Linear Models with R. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2017. 10.1201/9781315211060
- Office for National Statistics (ONS). Revision of the European Standard Population (ESP) – Effect on UK Statistics. ONS. URL: www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/user-guidance/health-and-life-events/revised-european-standard-population-2013-2013-esp-/esp-effect-on-uk-official-statistics–a-summary-forusers-of-statistics.doc (accessed October 2018).
- Linnan L, Steckler A. Process Evaluation for Public Health Interventions and Research. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass; 2002.
- Hazra NC, Rudisill C, Gulliford MC. Determinants of health care costs in the senior elderly: age, comorbidity, impairment, or proximity to death? Eur J Health Econ 2018;19:831–42. 10.1007/s10198-017-0926-228856487
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Antimicrobial Stewardship: Systems and Processes for Effective Antimicrobial Medicine Use. URL: www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng15 (accessed January 2019).
- Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government. English Indices of Deprivation 2010. London: Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government; 2015.
- Clinical Practice Research Datalink. Clinical Practice Research Datalink. London: Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency; 2018.
- R Development Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2010.
- Wickham H. GGPLOT2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis. Heidelberg: Springer; 2009. 10.1007/978-0-387-98141-3
- Gordon M, Lumley T. Package ‘Forestplot’. Advanced Forest Plot Using ‘Grid’ Graphics. Vienna: The Comprehensive R Archive Network; 2016.
- Gulliford MC, Prevost AT, Charlton J, Juszczyk D, Soames J, McDermott L, et al. Effectiveness and safety of electronically delivered prescribing feedback and decision support on antibiotic use for respiratory illness in primary care: REDUCE cluster randomised trial. BMJ 2019;364:l236. 10.1136/bmj.l23630755451
- Guenther CL, Alicke MD. Deconstructing the better-than-average effect. J Pers Soc Psychol 2010;99:755–70. 10.1037/a002095920954785
- McKay RT, Dennett DC. The evolution of misbelief. Behav Brain Sci 2009;32:493–510. 10.1017/S0140525X0999097520105353
- Cranney M, Warren E, Barton S, Gardner K, Walley T. Why do GPs not implement evidence-based guidelines? A descriptive study. Family Practice 2001;18:359–63. 10.1093/fampra/18.4.35911477041
- Freeman AC, Sweeney K. Why general practitioners do not implement evidence: qualitative study. BMJ 2001;323:1100. 10.1136/bmj.323.7321.110011701576
- Ham C, Alberti KG. The medical profession, the public, and the government. BMJ 2002;324:838–42. 10.1136/bmj.324.7341.83811934780
- Iacobucci G. GP confronts health minister over pressures of the job. BMJ 2013;347:f6291. 10.1136/bmj.f629124136638
- Doran N, Fox F, Rodham K, Taylor G, Harris M. Qualitative Study Exploring the Reasons Why GP’s Leave Practice Early in Their Careers and the Barriers to Their Return. Bath: University of Bath; 2014.
- NHS England. Quality Premium: 2016/17 Guidance for CCGs. Leeds: NHS England; 2016.
- Mc Hugh S, O’Mullane M, Perry IJ, Bradley C. Barriers to, and facilitators in, introducing integrated diabetes care in Ireland: a qualitative study of views in general practice. BMJ Open 2013;3:e003217. 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003217
- Doran T, Kontopantelis E, Valderas JM, Campbell S, Roland M, Salisbury C, Reeves D. Effect of financial incentives on incentivised and non-incentivised clinical activities: longitudinal analysis of data from the UK Quality and Outcomes Framework. BMJ 2011;342:d3590. 10.1136/bmj.d359021712336
- Tonkin-Crine S, Yardley L, Little P. Antibiotic prescribing for acute respiratory tract infections in primary care: a systematic review and meta-ethnography. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011;66:2215–23. 10.1093/jac/dkr27921764827
- Ashworth M, Charlton J, Ballard K, Latinovic R, Gulliford M. Variations in antibiotic prescribing and consultation rates for acute respiratory infection in UK general practices 1995–2000. Br J Gen Pract 2005;55:603–8.16105368
- Leydon GM, McDermott L, Moore M, Williamson I, Hobbs FD, Lambton T, et al. A qualitative study of GP, NP and patient views about the use of rapid streptococcal antigen detection tests (RADTs) in primary care: ‘swamped with sore throats?’. BMJ Open 2013;3:e002460. 10.1136/bmjopen-2012-002460
- Stocks N, Fahey T. Labelling of acute respiratory illness: evidence of between-practitioner variation in the UK. Fam Pract 2002;19:375–7. 10.1093/fampra/19.4.37512110558
- Lee Y, Nelder J. Conditional and marginal models: another view. Stat Sci 2004;19:219–38. 10.1214/088342304000000305
- Hemkens LG, Saccilotto R, Reyes SL, Glinz D, Zumbrunn T, Grolimund O, et al. Personalized prescription feedback using routinely collected data to reduce antibiotic use in primary care: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med 2017;177:176–83. 10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.804028027333
- Achermann R, Suter K, Kronenberg A, Gyger P, Mühlemann K, Zimmerli W, Bucher HC. Antibiotic use in adult outpatients in Switzerland in relation to regions, seasonality and point of care tests. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011;17:855–61. 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03348.x20731682
- Elouafkaoui P, Young L, Newlands R, Duncan EM, Elders A, Clarkson JE, Ramsay CR, Translation Research in a Dental Setting (TRiaDS) Research Methodology Group. An audit and feedback intervention for Reducing Antibiotic Prescribing in general Dental practice: the RAPiD cluster randomised controlled trial. PLOS Med 2016;13:e1002115. 10.1371/journal.pmed.100211527575599
- Guthrie B, Kavanagh K, Robertson C, Barnett K, Treweek S, Petrie D, et al. Data feedback and behavioural change intervention to improve primary care prescribing safety (EFIPPS): multicentre, three arm, cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2016;354:i4079. 10.1136/bmj.i407927540041
- Cabral C, Lucas PJ, Ingram J, Hay AD, Horwood J. ‘It’s safer to . . .’ parent consulting and clinician antibiotic prescribing decisions for children with respiratory tract infections: An analysis across four qualitative studies. Soc Sci Med 2015;136–7:156–64. 10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.05.027
- Hay AD, Redmond NM, Turnbull S, Christensen H, Thornton H, Little P, et al. Development and internal validation of a clinical rule to improve antibiotic use in children presenting to primary care with acute respiratory tract infection and cough: a prognostic cohort study. Lancet Respir Med 2016;4:902–10. 10.1016/S2213-2600(16)30223-527594440
- Okike IO, Ribeiro S, Ramsay ME, Heath PT, Sharland M, Ladhani SN. Trends in bacterial, mycobacterial, and fungal meningitis in England and Wales 2004–11: an observational study. Lancet Infect Dis 2014;14:301–7. 10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70332-324508198
- Quan TP, Fawcett NJ, Wrightson JM, Finney J, Wyllie D, Jeffery K, et al. Increasing burden of community-acquired pneumonia leading to hospitalisation, 1998–2014. Thorax 2016;71:535–42. 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-20768826888780
- Trotter CL, Stuart JM, George R, Miller E. Increasing hospital admissions for pneumonia, England. Emerging Infect Dis 2008;14:727–33. 10.3201/eid1405.07101118439353
- Ashworth M, Latinovic R, Charlton J, Cox K, Rowlands G, Gulliford M. Why has antibiotic prescribing for respiratory illness declined in primary care? A longitudinal study using the General Practice Research Database. J Public Health 2004;26:268–74. 10.1093/pubmed/fdh160
- Cars T, Eriksson I, Granath A, Wettermark B, Hellman J, Norman C, Ternhag A. Antibiotic use and bacterial complications following upper respiratory tract infections: a population-based study. BMJ Open 2017;7:e016221. 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016221
- Lucas PJ, Cabral C, Hay AD, Horwood J. A systematic review of parent and clinician views and perceptions that influence prescribing decisions in relation to acute childhood infections in primary care. Scand J Prim Health Care 2015;33:11–20. 10.3109/02813432.2015.100194225716427
- Centor RM, Witherspoon JM, Dalton HP, Brody CE, Link K. The diagnosis of strep throat in adults in the emergency room. Med Decis Making 1981;1:239–46. 10.1177/0272989X81001003046763125
- Little P, Stuart B, Hobbs FD, Butler CC, Hay AD, Campbell J, et al. Predictors of suppurative complications for acute sore throat in primary care: prospective clinical cohort study. BMJ 2013;347:f6867. 10.1136/bmj.f686724277339
- Little P, Stuart B, Hobbs FD, Butler CC, Hay AD, Delaney B, et al. Antibiotic prescription strategies for acute sore throat: a prospective observational cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis 2014;14:213–19. 10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70294-924440616
- Van den Bruel A, Jones C, Thompson M, Mant D. C-reactive protein point-of-care testing in acutely ill children: a mixed methods study in primary care. Arch Dis Child 2016;101:382–5. 10.1136/archdischild-2015-30922826757989
- Little P, Hobbs FD, Moore M, Mant D, Williamson I, McNulty C, et al. Clinical score and rapid antigen detection test to guide antibiotic use for sore throats: randomised controlled trial of PRISM (primary care streptococcal management). BMJ 2013;347:f5806. 10.1136/bmj.f580624114306
- Howie JG, Richardson IM, Gill G, Durno D. Respiratory illness and antibiotic use in general practice. J R Coll Gen Pract 1971;21:657–63.5144383
- Huttner B, Goossens H, Verheij T, Harbarth S, CHAMP consortium. Characteristics and outcomes of public campaigns aimed at improving the use of antibiotics in outpatients in high-income countries. Lancet Infect Dis 2010;10:17–31. 10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70305-620129146
Electronically delivered interventions to reduce antibiotic prescribing for respiratory infections in primary care: cluster RCT using electronic health records and cohort study · References
References
Attribution. Martin C Gulliford; Dorota Juszczyk; A Toby Prevost; Jamie Soames; Lisa McDermott; Kirin Sultana et al. (2019). Electronically delivered interventions to reduce antibiotic prescribing for respiratory infections in primary care: cluster RCT using electronic health records and cohort study. NIHR Journals Library. Copyright © Queen’s Printer and Controller of HMSO 2019. This work was produced by Gulliford et al. under the terms of a commissioning contract issued by the Secretary of State for Health and Social Care. This issue may be freely reproduced for the purposes of private research and study and extracts (or indeed, the full report) may be included in professional journals provided that suitable acknowledgement is made and the reproduction is not associated with any form of advertising. Applications for commercial reproduction should be addressed to: NIHR Journals Library, National Institute for Health Research, Evaluation, Trials and Studies Coordinating Centre, Alpha House, University of Southampton Science Park, Southampton SO16 7NS, UK. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. NCBI Bookshelf NBK538927. CC BY 4.0. Original source ↗. Text reproduced from the Bookshelf XML without changing wording; figures, images and supplements are not reproduced.