Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Selected Substances, Front matter | Chemistry 2e

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Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Selected Substances
Substance	$Δ H_{f}^{°}$ (kJ mol^–1)	$Δ G_{f}^{°}$ (kJ mol^–1)	$S °$ (J K^–1 mol^–1)
aluminum
Al(s)	0	0	28.3
Al(g)	324.4	285.7	164.54
Al³⁺(aq)	–531	–485	–321.7
Al₂O₃(s)	–1676	–1582	50.92
AlF₃(s)	–1510.4	–1425	66.5
AlCl₃(s)	–704.2	–628.8	110.67
AlCl₃·6H₂O(s)	–2691.57	–2269.40	376.56
Al₂S₃(s)	–724.0	–492.4	116.9
Al₂(SO₄)₃(s)	–3445.06	–3506.61	239.32
antimony
Sb(s)	0	0	45.69
Sb(g)	262.34	222.17	180.16
Sb₄O₆(s)	–1440.55	–1268.17	220.92
SbCl₃(g)	–313.8	–301.2	337.80
SbCl₅(g)	–394.34	–334.29	401.94
Sb₂S₃(s)	–174.89	–173.64	182.00
SbCl₃(s)	–382.17	–323.72	184.10
SbOCl(s)	–374.0	—	—
arsenic
As(s)	0	0	35.1
As(g)	302.5	261.0	174.21
As₄(g)	143.9	92.4	314
As₄O₆(s)	–1313.94	–1152.52	214.22
As₂O₅(s)	–924.87	–782.41	105.44
AsCl₃(g)	–261.50	–248.95	327.06
As₂S₃(s)	–169.03	–168.62	163.59
AsH₃(g)	66.44	68.93	222.78
H₃AsO₄(s)	–906.3	—	—
barium
Ba(s)	0	0	62.5
Ba(g)	180	146	170.24
Ba²⁺(aq)	–537.6	–560.8	9.6
BaO(s)	–548.0	–520.3	72.1
BaCl₂(s)	–855.0	–806.7	123.7
BaSO₄(s)	–1473.2	–1362.3	132.2
beryllium
Be(s)	0	0	9.50
Be(g)	324.3	286.6	136.27
BeO(s)	–609.4	–580.1	13.8
bismuth
Bi(s)	0	0	56.74
Bi(g)	207.1	168.2	187.00
Bi₂O₃(s)	–573.88	–493.7	151.5
BiCl₃(s)	–379.07	–315.06	176.98
Bi₂S₃(s)	–143.1	–140.6	200.4
boron
B(s)	0	0	5.86
B(g)	565.0	521.0	153.4
B₂O₃(s)	–1273.5	–1194.3	53.97
B₂H₆(g)	36.4	87.6	232.1
H₃BO₃(s)	–1094.33	–968.92	88.83
BF₃(g)	–1136.0	–1119.4	254.4
BCl₃(g)	–403.8	–388.7	290.1
B₃N₃H₆(l)	–540.99	–392.79	199.58
HBO₂(s)	–794.25	–723.41	37.66
bromine
Br₂(l)	0	0	152.23
Br₂(g)	30.91	3.142	245.5
Br(g)	111.88	82.429	175.0
Br^–(aq)	–120.9	–102.82	80.71
BrF₃(g)	–255.60	–229.45	292.42
HBr(g)	–36.3	–53.43	198.7
cadmium
Cd(s)	0	0	51.76
Cd(g)	112.01	77.41	167.75
Cd²⁺(aq)	–75.90	–77.61	–73.2
CdO(s)	–258.2	–228.4	54.8
CdCl₂(s)	–391.5	–343.9	115.3
CdSO₄(s)	–933.3	–822.7	123.0
CdS(s)	–161.9	–156.5	64.9
calcium
Ca(s)	0	0	41.6
Ca(g)	178.2	144.3	154.88
Ca²⁺(aq)	–542.96	–553.04	–55.2
CaO(s)	–634.9	–603.3	38.1
Ca(OH)₂(s)	–985.2	–897.5	83.4
CaSO₄(s)	–1434.5	–1322.0	106.5
CaSO₄·2H₂O(s)	–2022.63	–1797.45	194.14
CaCO₃(s) (calcite)	–1220.0	–1081.4	110.0
CaSO₃·H₂O(s)	–1752.68	–1555.19	184.10
carbon
C(s) (graphite)	0	0	5.740
C(s) (diamond)	1.89	2.90	2.38
C(g)	716.681	671.2	158.1
CO(g)	–110.52	–137.15	197.7
CO₂(g)	–393.51	–394.36	213.8
CO₃ ^2–(aq)	–677.1	–527.8	–56.9
CH₄(g)	–74.6	–50.5	186.3
CH₃OH(l)	–239.2	–166.6	126.8
CH₃OH(g)	–201.0	–162.3	239.9
CCl₄(l)	–128.2	–62.5	214.4
CCl₄(g)	–95.7	–58.2	309.7
CHCl₃(l)	–134.1	–73.7	201.7
CHCl₃(g)	–103.14	–70.34	295.71
CS₂(l)	89.70	65.27	151.34
CS₂(g)	116.9	66.8	238.0
C₂H₂(g)	227.4	209.2	200.9
C₂H₄(g)	52.4	68.4	219.3
C₂H₆(g)	–84.0	–32.0	229.2
CH₃CO₂H(l)	–484.3	–389.9	159.8
CH₃CO₂H(g)	–434.84	–376.69	282.50
C₂H₅OH(l)	–277.6	–174.8	160.7
C₂H₅OH(g)	–234.8	–167.9	281.6
HCO₃ ^–(aq)	–691.11	–587.06	95
C₃H₈(g)	–103.8	–23.4	270.3
C₆H₆(g)	82.927	129.66	269.2
C₆H₆(l)	49.1	124.50	173.4
CH₂Cl₂(l)	–124.2	–63.2	177.8
CH₂Cl₂(g)	–95.4	–65.90	270.2
CH₃Cl(g)	–81.9	–60.2	234.6
C₂H₅Cl(l)	–136.52	–59.31	190.79
C₂H₅Cl(g)	–112.17	–60.39	276.00
C₂N₂(g)	308.98	297.36	241.90
HCN(l)	108.9	125.0	112.8
HCN(g)	135.5	124.7	201.8
cesium
Cs⁺(aq)	–248	–282.0	133
chlorine
Cl₂(g)	0	0	223.1
Cl(g)	121.3	105.70	165.2
Cl^–(aq)	–167.2	–131.2	56.5
ClF(g)	–54.48	–55.94	217.78
ClF₃(g)	–158.99	–118.83	281.50
Cl₂O(g)	80.3	97.9	266.2
Cl₂O₇(l)	238.1	—	—
Cl₂O₇(g)	272.0	—	—
HCl(g)	–92.307	–95.299	186.9
HClO₄(l)	–40.58	—	—
chromium
Cr(s)	0	0	23.77
Cr(g)	396.6	351.8	174.50
CrO₄ ^2–(aq)	–881.2	–727.8	50.21
Cr₂O₇ ^2–(aq)	–1490.3	–1301.1	261.9
Cr₂O₃(s)	–1139.7	–1058.1	81.2
CrO₃(s)	–589.5	—	—
(NH₄)₂Cr₂O₇(s)	–1806.7	—	—
cobalt
Co(s)	0	0	30.0
Co²⁺(aq)	–67.4	–51.5	–155
Co³⁺(aq)	92	134	–305.0
CoO(s)	–237.9	–214.2	52.97
Co₃O₄(s)	–910.02	–794.98	114.22
Co(NO₃)₂(s)	–420.5	—	—
copper
Cu(s)	0	0	33.15
Cu(g)	338.32	298.58	166.38
Cu⁺(aq)	51.9	50.2	–26
Cu²⁺(aq)	64.77	65.49	–99.6
CuO(s)	–157.3	–129.7	42.63
Cu₂O(s)	–168.6	–146.0	93.14
CuS(s)	–53.1	–53.6	66.5
Cu₂S(s)	–79.5	–86.2	120.9
CuSO₄(s)	–771.36	–662.2	109.2
Cu(NO₃)₂(s)	–302.9	—	—
fluorine
F₂(g)	0	0	202.8
F(g)	79.4	62.3	158.8
F^–(aq)	–332.6	–278.8	–13.8
F₂O(g)	24.7	41.9	247.43
HF(g)	–273.3	–275.4	173.8
hydrogen
H₂(g)	0	0	130.7
H(g)	217.97	203.26	114.7
H⁺(aq)	0	0	0
OH^–(aq)	–230.0	–157.2	–10.75
H₃O⁺(aq)	–285.8		69.91
H₂O(l)	–285.83	–237.1	70.0
H₂O(g)	–241.82	–228.59	188.8
H₂O₂(l)	–187.78	–120.35	109.6
H₂O₂(g)	–136.3	–105.6	232.7
HF(g)	–273.3	–275.4	173.8
HCl(g)	–92.307	–95.299	186.9
HBr(g)	–36.3	–53.43	198.7
HI(g)	26.48	1.70	206.59
H₂S(g)	–20.6	–33.4	205.8
H₂Se(g)	29.7	15.9	219.0
HNO₃	–206.64	—	—
iodine
I₂(s)	0	0	116.14
I₂(g)	62.438	19.3	260.7
I(g)	106.84	70.2	180.8
I^–(aq)	–55.19	–51.57	11.13
IF(g)	95.65	–118.49	236.06
ICl(g)	17.78	–5.44	247.44
IBr(g)	40.84	3.72	258.66
IF₇(g)	–943.91	–818.39	346.44
HI(g)	26.48	1.70	206.59
iron
Fe(s)	0	0	27.3
Fe(g)	416.3	370.7	180.5
Fe²⁺(aq)	–89.1	–78.90	–137.7
Fe³⁺(aq)	–48.5	–4.7	–315.9
Fe₂O₃(s)	–824.2	–742.2	87.40
Fe₃O₄(s)	–1118.4	–1015.4	146.4
Fe(CO)₅(l)	–774.04	–705.42	338.07
Fe(CO)₅(g)	–733.87	–697.26	445.18
FeCl₂(s)	–341.79	–302.30	117.95
FeCl₃(s)	–399.49	–334.00	142.3
FeO(s)	–272.0	–255.2	60.75
Fe(OH)₂(s)	–569.0	–486.5	88.
Fe(OH)₃(s)	–823.0	–696.5	106.7
FeS(s)	–100.0	–100.4	60.29
Fe₃C(s)	25.10	20.08	104.60
lead
Pb(s)	0	0	64.81
Pb(g)	195.2	162.	175.4
Pb²⁺(aq)	–1.7	–24.43	10.5
PbO(s) (yellow)	–217.32	–187.89	68.70
PbO(s) (red)	–218.99	–188.93	66.5
Pb(OH)₂(s)	–515.9	—	—
PbS(s)	–100.4	–98.7	91.2
Pb(NO₃)₂(s)	–451.9	—	—
PbO₂(s)	–277.4	–217.3	68.6
PbCl₂(s)	–359.4	–314.1	136.0
lithium
Li(s)	0	0	29.1
Li(g)	159.3	126.6	138.8
Li⁺(aq)	–278.5	–293.3	13.4
LiH(s)	–90.5	–68.3	20.0
Li(OH)(s)	–487.5	–441.5	42.8
LiF(s)	–616.0	–587.5	35.7
Li₂CO₃(s)	–1216.04	–1132.19	90.17
magnesium
Mg²⁺(aq)	–466.9	–454.8	–138.1
manganese
Mn(s)	0	0	32.0
Mn(g)	280.7	238.5	173.7
Mn²⁺(aq)	–220.8	–228.1	–73.6
MnO(s)	–385.2	–362.9	59.71
MnO₂(s)	–520.03	–465.1	53.05
Mn₂O₃(s)	–958.97	–881.15	110.46
Mn₃O₄(s)	–1378.83	–1283.23	155.64
MnO₄ ^–(aq)	–541.4	–447.2	191.2
MnO₄ ^2–(aq)	–653.0	–500.7	59
mercury
Hg(l)	0	0	75.9
Hg(g)	61.4	31.8	175.0
Hg²⁺(aq)		164.8
Hg²⁺(aq)	172.4	153.9	84.5
HgO(s) (red)	–90.83	–58.5	70.29
HgO(s) (yellow)	–90.46	–58.43	71.13
HgCl₂(s)	–224.3	–178.6	146.0
Hg₂Cl₂(s)	–265.4	–210.7	191.6
HgS(s) (red)	–58.16	–50.6	82.4
HgS(s) (black)	–53.56	–47.70	88.28
HgSO₄(s)	–707.51	–594.13	0.00
nickel
Ni²⁺(aq)	–64.0	–46.4	–159
nitrogen
N₂(g)	0	0	191.6
N(g)	472.704	455.5	153.3
NO(g)	90.25	87.6	210.8
NO₂(g)	33.2	51.30	240.1
N₂O(g)	81.6	103.7	220.0
N₂O₃(g)	83.72	139.41	312.17
NO₃ ^–(aq)	–205.0	–108.7	146.4
N₂O₄(g)	11.1	99.8	304.4
N₂O₅(g)	11.3	115.1	355.7
NH₃(g)	–45.9	–16.5	192.8
NH₄ ⁺(aq)	–132.5	–79.31	113.4
N₂H₄(l)	50.63	149.43	121.21
N₂H₄(g)	95.4	159.4	238.5
NH₄NO₃(s)	–365.56	–183.87	151.08
NH₄Cl(s)	–314.43	–202.87	94.6
NH₄Br(s)	–270.8	–175.2	113.0
NH₄I(s)	–201.4	–112.5	117.0
NH₄NO₂(s)	–256.5	—	—
HNO₃(l)	–174.1	–80.7	155.6
HNO₃(g)	–133.9	–73.5	266.9
HNO₃(aq)	–207.4	–110.5	146
oxygen
O₂(g)	0	0	205.2
O(g)	249.17	231.7	161.1
O₃(g)	142.7	163.2	238.9
phosphorus
P₄(s)	0	0	164.4
P₄(g)	58.91	24.4	280.0
P(g)	314.64	278.25	163.19
PH₃(g)	5.4	13.5	210.2
PCl₃(g)	–287.0	–267.8	311.78
PCl₅(g)	–374.9	–305.0	364.4
P₄O₆(s)	–1640.1	—	—
P₄O₁₀(s)	–2984.0	–2697.0	228.86
PO₄ ^3–(aq)	–1277	–1019	–222
HPO₃(s)	–948.5	—	—
HPO₄ ^2–(aq)	–1292.1	–1089.3	–33
H₂PO₄ ^2–(aq)	–1296.3	–1130.4	90.4
H₃PO₂(s)	–604.6	—	—
H₃PO₃(s)	–964.4	—	—
H₃PO₄(s)	–1279.0	–1119.1	110.50
H₃PO₄(l)	–1266.9	–1124.3	110.5
H₄P₂O₇(s)	–2241.0	—	—
POCl₃(l)	–597.1	–520.8	222.5
POCl₃(g)	–558.5	–512.9	325.5
potassium
K(s)	0	0	64.7
K(g)	89.0	60.5	160.3
K⁺(aq)	–252.4	–283.3	102.5
KF(s)	–576.27	–537.75	66.57
KCl(s)	–436.5	–408.5	82.6
rubidium
Rb⁺(aq)	–246	–282.2	124
silicon
Si(s)	0	0	18.8
Si(g)	450.0	405.5	168.0
SiO₂(s)	–910.7	–856.3	41.5
SiH₄(g)	34.3	56.9	204.6
H₂SiO₃(s)	–1188.67	–1092.44	133.89
H₄SiO₄(s)	–1481.14	–1333.02	192.46
SiF₄(g)	–1615.0	–1572.8	282.8
SiCl₄(l)	–687.0	–619.8	239.7
SiCl₄(g)	–662.75	–622.58	330.62
SiC(s, beta cubic)	–73.22	–70.71	16.61
SiC(s, alpha hexagonal)	–71.55	–69.04	16.48
silver
Ag(s)	0	0	42.55
Ag(g)	284.9	246.0	172.89
Ag⁺(aq)	105.6	77.11	72.68
Ag₂O(s)	–31.05	–11.20	121.3
AgCl(s)	–127.0	–109.8	96.3
Ag₂S(s)	–32.6	–40.7	144.0
sodium
Na(s)	0	0	51.3
Na(g)	107.5	77.0	153.7
Na⁺(aq)	–240.1	–261.9	59
Na₂O(s)	–414.2	–375.5	75.1
NaCl(s)	–411.2	–384.1	72.1
strontium
Sr²⁺(aq)	–545.8	–557.3	–32.6
sulfur
S₈(s) (rhombic)	0	0	256.8
S(g)	278.81	238.25	167.82
S^2–(aq)	41.8	83.7	22
SO₂(g)	–296.83	–300.1	248.2
SO₃(g)	–395.72	–371.06	256.76
SO₄ ^2–(aq)	–909.3	–744.5	20.1
S₂O₃ ^2–(aq)	–648.5	–522.5	67
H₂S(g)	–20.6	–33.4	205.8
HS^–(aq)	–17.7	12.6	61.1
H₂SO₄(l)	–813.989	–690.00	156.90
HSO₄ ^–(aq)	–885.75	–752.87	126.9
H₂S₂O₇(s)	–1273.6	—	—
SF₄(g)	–728.43	–684.84	291.12
SF₆(g)	–1220.5	–1116.5	291.5
SCl₂(l)	–50	—	—
SCl₂(g)	–19.7	—	—
S₂Cl₂(l)	–59.4	—	—
S₂Cl₂(g)	–19.50	–29.25	319.45
SOCl₂(g)	–212.55	–198.32	309.66
SOCl₂(l)	–245.6	—	—
SO₂Cl₂(l)	–394.1	—	—
SO₂Cl₂(g)	–354.80	–310.45	311.83
tin
Sn(s)	0	0	51.2
Sn(g)	301.2	266.2	168.5
SnO(s)	–285.8	–256.9	56.5
SnO₂(s)	–577.6	–515.8	49.0
SnCl₄(l)	–511.3	–440.1	258.6
SnCl₄(g)	–471.5	–432.2	365.8
titanium
Ti(s)	0	0	30.7
Ti(g)	473.0	428.4	180.3
TiO₂(s)	–944.0	–888.8	50.6
TiCl₄(l)	–804.2	–737.2	252.4
TiCl₄(g)	–763.2	–726.3	353.2
tungsten
W(s)	0	0	32.6
W(g)	849.4	807.1	174.0
WO₃(s)	–842.9	–764.0	75.9
zinc
Zn(s)	0	0	41.6
Zn(g)	130.73	95.14	160.98
Zn²⁺(aq)	–153.9	–147.1	–112.1
ZnO(s)	–350.5	–320.5	43.7
ZnCl₂(s)	–415.1	–369.43	111.5
ZnS(s)	–206.0	–201.3	57.7
ZnSO₄(s)	–982.8	–871.5	110.5
ZnCO₃(s)	–812.78	–731.57	82.42
complexes
[Co(NH₃)₄(NO₂)₂]NO₃, cis	–898.7	—	—
[Co(NH₃)₄(NO₂)₂]NO₃, trans	–896.2	—	—
NH₄[Co(NH₃)₂(NO₂)₄]	–837.6	—	—
[Co(NH₃)₆][Co(NH₃)₂(NO₂)₄]₃	–2733.0	—	—
[Co(NH₃)₄Cl₂]Cl, cis	–874.9	—	—
[Co(NH₃)₄Cl₂]Cl, trans	–877.4	—	—
[Co(en)₂(NO₂)₂]NO₃, cis	–689.5	—	—
[Co(en)₂Cl₂]Cl, cis	–681.2	—	—
[Co(en)₂Cl₂]Cl, trans	–677.4	—	—
[Co(en)₃](ClO₄)₃	–762.7	—	—
[Co(en)₃]Br₂	–595.8	—	—
[Co(en)₃]I₂	–475.3	—	—
[Co(en)₃]I₃	–519.2	—	—
[Co(NH₃)₆](ClO₄)₃	–1034.7	–221.1	615
[Co(NH₃)₅NO₂](NO₃)₂	–1088.7	–412.9	331
[Co(NH₃)₆](NO₃)₃	–1282.0	–524.5	448
[Co(NH₃)₅Cl]Cl₂	–1017.1	–582.5	366.1
[Pt(NH₃)₄]Cl₂	–725.5	—	—
[Ni(NH₃)₆]Cl₂	–994.1	—	—
[Ni(NH₃)₆]Br₂	–923.8	—	—
[Ni(NH₃)₆]I₂	–808.3	—	—

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