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Chemistry 2e

OpenStax · 149 sections in 22 chapters. Each section is its own page.

Front matter

• Preface

• The Periodic Table

• Essential Mathematics

• Units and Conversion Factors

• Fundamental Physical Constants

• Water Properties

• Composition of Commercial Acids and Bases

• Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Selected Substances

• Ionization Constants of Weak Acids

• Ionization Constants of Weak Bases

• Solubility Products

• Formation Constants for Complex Ions

• Standard Electrode (Half-Cell) Potentials

• Half-Lives for Several Radioactive Isotopes

Essential Ideas

• Introduction

• Chemistry in Context

• Phases and Classification of Matter

• Physical and Chemical Properties

• Measurements

• Measurement Uncertainty, Accuracy, and Precision

• Mathematical Treatment of Measurement Results

Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

• Introduction

• Early Ideas in Atomic Theory

• Evolution of Atomic Theory

• Atomic Structure and Symbolism

• Chemical Formulas

• The Periodic Table

• Ionic and Molecular Compounds

• Chemical Nomenclature

Composition of Substances and Solutions

• Introduction

• Formula Mass and the Mole Concept

• Determining Empirical and Molecular Formulas

• Molarity

• Other Units for Solution Concentrations

Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions

• Introduction

• Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations

• Classifying Chemical Reactions

• Reaction Stoichiometry

• Reaction Yields

• Quantitative Chemical Analysis

Thermochemistry

• Introduction

• Energy Basics

• Calorimetry

• Enthalpy

Electronic Structure and Periodic Properties of Elements

• Introduction

• Electromagnetic Energy

• The Bohr Model

• Development of Quantum Theory

• Electronic Structure of Atoms (Electron Configurations)

• Periodic Variations in Element Properties

Chemical Bonding and Molecular Geometry

• Introduction

• Ionic Bonding

• Covalent Bonding

• Lewis Symbols and Structures

• Formal Charges and Resonance

• Strengths of Ionic and Covalent Bonds

• Molecular Structure and Polarity

Advanced Theories of Covalent Bonding

• Introduction

• Valence Bond Theory

• Hybrid Atomic Orbitals

• Multiple Bonds

• Molecular Orbital Theory

Gases

• Introduction

• Gas Pressure

• Relating Pressure, Volume, Amount, and Temperature: The Ideal Gas Law

• Stoichiometry of Gaseous Substances, Mixtures, and Reactions

• Effusion and Diffusion of Gases

• The Kinetic-Molecular Theory

• Non-Ideal Gas Behavior

Liquids and Solids

• Introduction

• Intermolecular Forces

• Properties of Liquids

• Phase Transitions

• Phase Diagrams

• The Solid State of Matter

• Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids

Solutions and Colloids

• Introduction

• The Dissolution Process

• Electrolytes

• Solubility

• Colligative Properties

• Colloids

Kinetics

• Introduction

• Chemical Reaction Rates

• Factors Affecting Reaction Rates

• Rate Laws

• Integrated Rate Laws

• Collision Theory

• Reaction Mechanisms

• Catalysis

Fundamental Equilibrium Concepts

• Introduction

• Chemical Equilibria

• Equilibrium Constants

• Shifting Equilibria: Le Châtelier’s Principle

• Equilibrium Calculations

Acid-Base Equilibria

• Introduction

• Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases

• pH and pOH

• Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases

• Hydrolysis of Salts

• Polyprotic Acids

• Buffers

• Acid-Base Titrations

Equilibria of Other Reaction Classes

• Introduction

• Precipitation and Dissolution

• Lewis Acids and Bases

• Coupled Equilibria

Thermodynamics

• Introduction

• Spontaneity

• Entropy

• The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics

• Free Energy

Electrochemistry

• Introduction

• Review of Redox Chemistry

• Galvanic Cells

• Electrode and Cell Potentials

• Potential, Free Energy, and Equilibrium

• Batteries and Fuel Cells

• Corrosion

• Electrolysis

Representative Metals, Metalloids, and Nonmetals

• Introduction

• Periodicity

• Occurrence and Preparation of the Representative Metals

• Structure and General Properties of the Metalloids

• Structure and General Properties of the Nonmetals

• Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Hydrogen

• Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Carbonates

• Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Nitrogen

• Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Phosphorus

• Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Oxygen

• Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Sulfur

• Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Halogens

• Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of the Noble Gases

Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry

• Introduction

• Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds

• Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals

• Spectroscopic and Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds

Organic Chemistry

• Introduction

• Hydrocarbons

• Alcohols and Ethers

• Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, and Esters

• Amines and Amides

Nuclear Chemistry

• Introduction

• Nuclear Structure and Stability

• Nuclear Equations

• Radioactive Decay

• Transmutation and Nuclear Energy

• Uses of Radioisotopes

• Biological Effects of Radiation

Attribution. Chemistry 2e, OpenStax, Rice University, and the contributing authors credited in the book. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International. Source revision 32c719622f of openstax/osbooks-chemistry-bundle (2026-02-04). CC BY 4.0. Original source ↗. Text edition of a pinned CC BY 4.0 source revision of the OpenStax book, converted from CNXML by the EvidenceHelix importer. Original prose, learning objectives, tables, exercises, glossary and captions are preserved; images are not copied (figures link to the original source and keep their credits). No new content was added. Later revisions of this book can carry different licence terms and are not used.