41. isis. 21 I. polyacantha. Stony joints subeylindrical, rather elongate, of unequal length, truncated at the end; the branchlets spine-like. America.
/. moniltformis (Kolliker, Ic. Hist. p. 140). Stony joints very short, swollen in tiie middle, forming a bead-like stem (Esper, t. 2 ; Seba, iii. t. 110. f. 2). India. B.M.
/. coralloides (Larnk.). Stony joints very short, shorter than the horny joints, rose-coloured; branches very slender. Pacific Ocean. This I have not seen.
Var. cymosaria. The branches forming a cyme.
Cymosaire, Lamk. Mem. Mm. i. p. 467.
Isis hippuris, var., Lamk. Hist. A. s. V. ii. p. 303. 99. Isis hippuris. B.M.
Slightly branched ; bark smooth, thick, osculiferous ; joints of axis grooved, irregular, upper compressed ; joints of the branches longer than those of the branchlets.
Corallium articulatum, Imperat. Ital. p. G28 ; Aldrov. Mus. Metal. p. 289 ; Loch. Mm. Besler. t. 23.
Hippuris saxea, Clus. Exot. p. 124 ; Olear. Mus. p. 69, t. 35. f. 4 ; Valent. 2nd, Lit. p. 504, t. 8. f. 2, 3, 4.
Pseudocorallium croceum, Boccone, Obs. Gall. p. 34, t. Accabaarium album, Rumph, Amb. p. 6, t. 84 ; Valent. Ind. iii. t. 52. f.A.
Lithophyton articulatum, Gualt. Lid. t. 7 ; Seba, Thes. iii. t. 105. f. 3, t. 110. f. 1, 2; Knorr, Delic. t. A 1. f. 6.
Sertularia ramosissima, Linn. Hort. Cliff, p. 480. Isis hippuris, Linn. S. N. ed. 12, t. 287 ; Pallas, Zooph. p. 233 ; E»per, i. t. 1, 2, 3, 3 a ; Solander $ Ellis, Zooph. p. 105, t. 3. f. 1-5 (with bark) ; Lamk. Syst. A. s. V. p. 378 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 283 ; Kolliker, Ic. Hist. p. 140, t. 19. f. 42, 43, t. 16. f. 4. 100. Isis flexibilis.
Irregularly branching, subflabellate ; branches very long and slender ; calcareous joints cylindrical, nearly smooth, or with a few faint striae, about four times as long as the corneous ones in the thicker branches, but proportionally much longer in the branchlets. Polypes rather thickly set, generally alternate, short, campanulate, armed with short spines. The thickest stems about -^ inch in diameter, the branchlets not much thicker than horse-hair. The main stems were not obtained. Colour dark brown, from a thin coenenchyma covering the younger branches.
Isis flexibilis, Pourtales, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 1868, p. 132. Obs. In a few instances the branches appear to arise from the corneous joints.
Hab. In 324 fathoms, off the Florida Reef.
22 CORALLINE.
Section III. Axis calcareous, solid, not jointed, uniformly calcareous to the apex of the branchlets.
Fam. 13. CORALLINE.
Axis inarticulate, solid, calcareous, more or less hard and stony. Bark smooth, granular, with irregular-shaped calcareous spicula. Polypiferous cells simple, more or less exserted. The chemical character of the axis may be easily discovered by a small quantity of muriatic acid.
Coralline, Dana. Expl Exped. 1846, p. 639 j Milne-Edw. Corall. i. p.201.
Coralliinae, Dana, Exp. p. 639.
Isis, sp., Linn. S. N. p.
Gorgoniese (part.), Lamx. Polyp. Flex. p. 363, Corallidie, Gray, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 286 ; Ann. $ Mag. Nat. Hist. 1859, iv. p. 441; P. Z.S. 1859, p. 480.
42. CORALLIUM.
Coral tree -like, branched, forked. Axis hard, continuous, stony, striated externally. Bark granular, without any lateral grooves, when dry formed almost entirely of irregular spicula. Polypiferous cells homogeneous, scarcely exserted from the surface of the bark, scattered over the surface on all sides of the branches. Axis red. (See Ellis, Zooph. t. 13. f. 3, 4.)
Oorallium, Lamk. 1813.
Isis, Oken, 1815.
CoraUium, Lamx. Bull Soc. Phil. 1812 ; Lamk. Mem. Mus. i. p. 407 ; A. s. V. 1816, ii. p. 295, ed. 2. ii. p. 468 ; Schweigger, Beob. 1819, t. 10 ; Milne-Edwards Sf Haime, Corall. i. p. 201 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 125.
Isis, sp., Pallas, Elench. Zooph. p. Isis (nobilis), Oken, Lehrb. 1815, t. 2. Gorgonia, sp., Solander fy Eliis, Zooph. p. 90. Madrepora, sp., Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. p. 793. 101. Corallium rubrum. B.M.
Corallium, Gesner, Fig. Lap. 132.
Gorgonia incrustans, Aldrov. Mus. Metal, p. 290. Corallium rubrum, C. Bauh. Pin. p. 366 ; Rai. Hist. i. p. 60 j Mercat. Metal, p. 114.
Corallum, Tournef. Inst. p. 572, t. 339 ; Marsil H. Mar. p. 108, t. 22. f. 29, p. 168, t. 40. f. 180.
Isis rubra, Royen, Prod. p. 521.
Corallum rubrum, Donat. Adriat. p. 43, t. 5 5 Seba, Thes. iii. t. 115, f. 1-7.
Isis nobilis, Pallas, Elench. Zooph. p. 223 ; Linn. S. N. ed. 12 p. Madrepora rubra, Linn. S. N. ed. 10. p. 797 ; Ellis, Corall. p. 130, t. 35. f. a, b, c.
Gorgonia nobilis, Gmel. S. N. p. 3805.
43. PLEUROCORALLIUM. 23 Gorgonia pretiosa, Solander $ Ellis, Zooph. p. 90, t. 13. Corallium rubrum, Cavolini, Polip. Mar. t. 2 ; Lamk. Syst. p. 378 ; Kolliker, Ic. Hist. t. 16. f. 8, 9; Milne-Edw. $ Haime, Coratt. i. p. 201 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 126.
Corallium nobile, Ehrenb. C. r. M. p. 130; Dana, Expl. Exped. p. 140 ; Gray, P. Z. &1857, p. 287.
Hob. Mediterranean.
According to Risso, the animal almost always grows hanging from the underside of shelving rocks. The best coral is fished up from about 80 fathoms water ; at 130 fathoms they are only found of a small size, and the animal ceases to reproduce its kind. It is sometimes found in only 15 fathoms water. He also described a reddish variety which is found in from 30 to 40 fathoms water, in the Mediterranean.
The rocks on which the coral is found are from 350 to 650 feet deep. It is said to attain a much greater perfection in places situated to the east than to the south; it is rarely found in a western, and never in a northern aspect. The fishermen divide the tract from the entrance of the Taro of Messina to the church of the Grotha into ten parts, and fish in one of the divisions in succession every year, so that the coral of each division is allowed ten years to grow ; the average crop is 3000 Ibs. per year. The fishery is considered a secondary and laborious occupation, and only followed by the fishermen when other employment cannot be obtained. (See Conch. Cornpan. p. 34.)
For the structure, growth, &c., consult M. L. Duthier's ' Histoire Naturelle du Corail ; organisation, reproduction, peche en Algerie, Industrie et commerce.' Paris, 1864 : 346 pages, and 20 coloured plates.
Ellis (Phil. Trans. 1. t. 34. f. 10), finding red barnacles growing on a red coral, suggests that probably the fire-red tint of the coral might have been communicated to the barnacles as they grew together.
43. PLEUROCORALLIUM.
*' Coral branching in a plane. Polype-cells scarcely raised, confined to one surface, mostly near the apex of the very small branchlets, and often in twos."
The branchlets in the figure are chiefly confined to one edge of the branchlets.
Pleurocorallium, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 126.
102. Pleurocorallium secundum.
Ramulose, branching in a plane ; polypes confined to one surface, mostly placed at the apex of very small branchlets, and often in twos ; axis calcareous, smooth, pale red or whitish ; crust scarlet. Corallium secundum, Dana, Expcd. p. 641, t. 60. f. 1 ; Gray, P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 287 ; Milne-Edw. Corail. i. p. 205.
Pleurocorallium secundum, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 126. Hab. Sandwich Islands ; 5 inches high.
24 ELLISELLAD^i.
44. HEMICORALLIUM.
Coral branched. Bark granular, even. Polype-cells conical, rather prominent, distributed on the upperside of the branches. Growing horizontally from the sides of rocks. Coral white. Hemicorallium, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 127. 103. Hemicorallium Johnson! B.M.
Bark yellow.
Corallium Johnsoni, Gray, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 394. Hemicorallium Johnsoni, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 127, not tig. Hab. Madeira (Johnson).
The specimen from Liverpool figured as the animal of this coral (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867, p. 126) is a fleshy Alcyonoid, parasitic on a stony coral.
Section IV. Axis solid, continuous, hard, corneo-calcareous, sometimes more or less horny and flexible at the small branchlets. a. Hark thin, granular ; polype-cells more or less prominent. Fam. 14. ELLISELLAD.E.
Coral tree-like, generally furcately branched. The bark is granular, with a more or less distinct lateral groove on each side of the stem. Cells in series on the edges of the branchlets. Axis cylindrical, tapering, calcareous.
Gorgonellace'es, Valenc. ; MUne-Edw. 8f Haime, Cor all. i. p. 182 : Kolliker, Ic. Hist. p. 139.
Elliselladee, Gray, Proc. Zool Soc. 1859, p. 489. A. Polype-cells scarcely prominent.
1. JPNCELLA. Coral cylindrical, simple. 2. ELLISELLA. Coral cylindrical, furcately branched. 3. CTENOCELLA. Coral cylindrical, branched, fan-like, the branchlets from upper edge of branches.
4. PHENILIA. Coral tree-like ; branches subcylindrical, divaricated, sometime^ coalescing.
5. GORGONELLA. Coral secund or reticulated. B. Polype-cells elongate, prominent.
6. VIMINELLA. Coral subquadrangular, simple. 7. EETICELLA. Coral netted.
8. VERRUCELLA. Coral branched ; branches much branched, slender, with conical polype-cells on the edge. 9. RELIANT A. Coral tree-like, branches forked. Polype-cells in two, three, or four alternating series on the branchlets.
46. ELLISELLA. 25 A. Polype-cells scarcely prominent.
45. JUNCEELLA.
Coral simple, subcompressed near the base ; branches subcylindrical, with a more or less distinct lateral groove, especially at the base. Axis continuous, opake, solid, calcareous, hard at the base, white and softer above. Bark when dry granular, thin, with numerous series of sunken or slightly prominent polypiferous cells on each edge of the stems and branches.
Junceella, sp., Valenc. Comptes Rendw, xli. p. 14 ; Ann. Sf Mag. Nat. Hist. 1855, xvi. p. 182; Milne-Edw. $ Haime, Corall. i. p. 186; Kolliker, Ic. Hist. p. 140.
Ellisella §*, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 287.
104. Junceella juncea.
Coral very simple, attenuated, rather flexuose. Bark thick, red, warty. Polype-cells slightly prominent, lateral line very narrow and indistinct.
Junci lapidei, Plin. H. N. p. 13, c. 25.
Palmijuncus albus, Rumph. Amb. vi. p. 126.
Kerato]phyton simplex, Seba, Thes. iii. t. 105. £ . 1 a (gfood). Gorgonia juncea, Pallas, Zooph. p. 180 ; Esper, Suppl. ii. t. 52 ; Lamk. Mem. Mus. ii. p. 158. n. 34 ; Lainx. Polyp. Flex. p. 419 ; Dana, Exp. p.664.
Helicella juncea, Gray,Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 481. Junceella juncea, Valenc. Comptes Rendus, xli. p. 14; Ann. fy Mag. Nat. Hist. 1855, xvi. p. 182; Milne-Edw. Corall. i. p. 156; Verrill,Bull Mtis. Comp. Zool. p. 37 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 284; Kollik&r, Ic. Hist. p. 140, t. 18. f. 45, 46.
Hab. Isle of Bourbon ; Indian Ocean.
46. ELLISELLA.
Coral tree-like, furcately branched ; branches spreading, and then ascending ; lateral groove very narrow, but well-marked ; the rest like Junceella.
Ellisella §**, Gray, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 287.
105. Ellisella elongata. * B.M.
Coral elongate, smooth, forked and reforked ; branches subcylindhcal ; bark reddish, cells in quincunx.
Ellisella elongata, Gray, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 287 ; 1859, p. 481. Junceella elongata, Valenc. Comptes Rendus, xli. p. 14 ; Ann. $ May. Nat. Hist. 1855, xvi. p. 182 ; Milne-Edw. Corall. i. p. 187 ; Kolliker, Ic. Hist. p. 140.
Hal. Mediterranean ; West Indies (Ellis).
26 ELLISELLAD^E.
106. Ellisella coccinea. B.M.
Coral branched ; branches very long, virgate, bright scarlet. Ellisella coccinea, Gray, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 287 j 1859, p. 481. Gorgonia elongata, Ellis fy Solander, Zooph. p. 96 ? Hob. West Indies.
107. Ellisella gemmacea.
Coral branched, brownish yellow ; branches numerous, cylindrical, distantly dichotomous ; terminal branchlets elongate; bark very friable ; polype-cells very prominent, rounded and bent towards the stem.
Gorgonia gemmacea, Valenc. MS. Mus. Paris.
Verrucella gemmacea, MUne-Edw. 8f Haime, Corall. i. p. 185, t. B2. f. 7. Junceella gemmacea, Kolliker, Ic. Hist. p. 140, 1. 14. f. 4. Hab. Red Sea.
108. Ellisella calyculata.
Junceella calyculata, Valenc. (not described). Gorgonella calyculata, Kolliker, Ic. Hist. p. 140. Hab. ?
47. CTENOCELLA.
Coral branched, fan-like, expanded in a plane ; branches with a series of virgate branchlets on the upperside, lateral line well marked but narrow.
Ctenocella, Valenc. ; MUne-Edw. 8f Haime, Corall. i. p. 185. Ellisella § ***, Gray, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 287. 109. Ctenocella pectinata. B.M.
Coral round ; branchlets pectinate, all on the upperside of the branches, ascending, very long, acute. The lateral lines moderately distinct and deep.
Seba, Thes. iii. 1. 105. f. la (central figure, good). Gorgonia pectinata, Pallas, Zooph. p. 179 j Solander fy Ellis, Zooph. p. 179 ; Lamk. Hist. A. s. V. ii. p. 320 j Lanix. Polyp. Flex. p. 416. Gorgonella pectinata, Kolliker, Ic. Hist. p. 140, 1. 18. f. 41. Ellisella pactinata, Gray, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 287 ; 1859, p. 481. Ctenocella pectinata, Valenc. Comptes Rendus, 1855, xli., Ann. fy May. Nat. Hist. 1855, xvi. p. 182 j MUne-Edw. Corall. i. p. 185. Corail pectins', Bosc, Vers, iii. p. 23.
Pterogorgia pectinata, Dana, Exp. p. 652. n. 17. Hab. India; China.
48. GORGONELLA.
Coral flabellate, branched; branches subfurcate, flexuosc, often anastomosing. Axis smooth, polished ; base white, coral-like ; upper part rod-like, solid ; branchlets white, flexible. Bark when dry granular, minutely punctate, thin, with a narrow continuous lateral
\ / UNIVERSITY 1 48. GOKGONELLA. 27 groove. Polype- cells in a rather irregular series on each edge of the branchlets, rather prominent, roundish, white, with eight or ten radiating grooves from the apex; in two or three irregular interrupted series on each side of the main stem.
Gorgonella, Valenc. Arch, du Mus. i., Ann. 8f Mag. Nat. Hist. 1855, p. 182 ; Milne-Edw. $ Haime, Corall i. p. 183 ; Gray. P. Z. S. 1857, p. 284; ZolKker, Ic. Hist. pp. 139, 140.
Umbracella, Gray, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 289 ; 1859, p. 481. Gorgonella, sp., Verrill.
Rhipidigorgia, sp., Milne-Edw. $ Haime, Corall. i. p. 173. 110. Gorgonella tunbracula.
Coral very much branched, fan-shaped, oblong, as broad as high, rather netted ; branches rounded. Polype-cells prominent, wart-like. Frutex lignosus &c., Seba, Thes. iii. 1. 107. f. 6. Gorgonia umbraculum, Solander fy Ellis, p. 80, 1. 10. f. 17, 86 ; Lamk. Mem. Mus. ii. p. 80, Hist. A. s. V. ed. 2. ii. p. 489; Dana, Exp. p. 658. n. 28.
Rhipidigorgia umbraculum, Valenc. I. c. ; Milne-Edw. Corall. i. p. 178. Umbracella umbraculum, Gray, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 288 ; 1859, p. 482. Gorgonella umbracula, Verrill, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. p. 37. Hob. North America.
Like Rhipidigorgia laqueus, but polypes more slender, placed laterally.
111. Gorgonella stricta.
Coral very like G. umbracula, but with the secondary branches straight, larger, and closer ; polype-cells prominent, wart-like. Gorgonia stricta, Lamk. Mem. n. 6.
Rhipidigorgia stricta, Milne-Edw. fy Haime, Corall. p. 179. Gorgonella stricta, Verrill, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. p. 37. Hob. Cape of Good Hope.
" This species has all the external characters of the species quoted, but it has a calcareous axis." — Verrill.
112. Gorgonella granulata.
Coral yellowish, very much branched, flabellate, slender, somewhat reticulated ; branches rigid, very brittle ; bark yellowish, with blunt warts ; axis brown, horny.
Gorgonia reticulum, Esper, t. 44 (without bark). Gorgonia granulata, Dana, Exp. p. 660 ?
? Eunicea granulata, Ehrcnb. Cor. r. M. p. 660. Rhipidigorgia granulata, Milne-Edw. $ Haime, Corall. i. p. 180. Umbracella granulata, Gray, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 289 ; 1859, p. 482. Gorgonella granulata, Kdlliker, Ic. Hist. p. 140, 1. 19. f. 12, 1. 18. f. 43. Hob. ?
28 ELLI8ELLAD2E.
Var. orange, almost all the branches coalescing. ? Gorgonia reticulum, Esper, t. 44. Gorgonia flexuosa, Dana, Zooph. p. 660. t. 60. f. 2 $ Milne-Edw. Sc Haime, Corall. i. p. 185.
Hob. Kingsmill Islands..
113. Gorgonella pseudo-antipathes. B.M. Coral with the principal branches nearly parallel and almost cylindrical; network very loose and irregular, a few of the branchlets free ; bark whitish, with very close irregularly placed warts. PGorgonia pseudo-antipathes, Esper, t. 54. Gorgonia flabellum, Esper, 1. 1. Gorgonia cancellata, Dana, Zooph. p. 658. Rhipidigorgia cancellata, Milne-Edw. fy Haime, Corall. i. p. 179. Gorgonella pseudo-antipathes, Kolliker, Ic. Hist. p. 140, 1. 18. f. 42. Hob. ?
114. Gorgonella sarmentosa.
Coral branched ; branches cylindrical, slender, anastomosing near the base, the last branches short ; polype-cells slightly visible ; lateral groove well marked.
Gorgonia sarmentosa, Lamk. H. A. s. V. ii. p. 326 (not Esper). Gorgonia ceratophyta, Delle Chiaje, A. s. V. p. 26, t. 77. f. 1. Eumcea sarmentosa, Ehrenb. Corall. p. 137. Pterogorgia sarmentosa, Dana, Zooph. p. 633. Gorgonella sarmentosa, Valenc. Comptes Rendus, xli. p. 14 j Mihie-Edw. 8f Haime, Corall. i. p. 183.
Hob. Mediterranean.
115. Gorgonella verriculata.
Coral with very slender coalescing branches; the polype-cells moderately but distinctly prominent. Gorgonella verriculata, Milne-Edw. fy Haime, Corall. i. p. 183. Hob. Isle of France.
G. violacea and G. cauliculus are true Gorgonia, according to Prof. Kolliker, I c. p. 139.
116. Gorgonella Cumingii. B.M.
Coral fan-like, broader than high; branches slender, cylindrical, diverging, radiating in a regular manner; branchlets slender, the terminal ones are spine-like.
Hob. Philippines (Cuminy) ; the axis only. B. Polype-cells elongate or wart-like, prominent. 49. VIMINELLA.
Coral simple, elongate, flagelliform. Bark thin; lateral space