Skip to content
EvidenceHelixEvidenceLib · Scientific Encyclopedia
⌘ K

Scientific library

EvidenceLib encyclopediaAll articles A–Z2,835
Books209
All textbooksMedical textbooksHuman anatomyOrganisms & biodiversityOther sciences
Open-access articles1,406Cancer study catalog458How it is made

My workspace this browser

Saved pages0Notes & annotations0

Recently viewed

Explore by field

Cancer and Oncology182Genetics and Genomics170Neuroscience185Cardiovascular Medicine180Immunology142Pharmacology173Molecular Biology161Infectious Diseases150Rare and Inherited Diseases181Clinical Research173Anatomy and Physiology613Drugs and Chemicals621Psychiatry and Psychology185Public Health and Nutrition178Diagnostics and Medical Technology125Respiratory Medicine113Digestive System and Liver91Metabolism and Endocrine Disease177Bones, Joints, Muscles and Skin213Kidney, Urology and Women's Health173Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat55
Plans & pricingCompare EvidenceHelix workspace plans
Library›Open textbooks›Assessing long-term effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of statin therapy in the UK: a modelling study using individual participant data sets›References

Continue where you left off ()

GO BEYOND THE PAGEReading is just the beginning.

Turn scientific reading into research. Compare studies, examine evidence, and organize your findings in EvidenceHelix Workspace.

Explore Research Workspace →

Assessing long-term effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of statin therapy in the UK: a modelling study using individual participant data sets · References

References

CC BY 4.0 · National Institute for Health and Care Research · approximately 11 min read

  1. Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ (CTT) Collaboration. Protocol for a prospective collaborative overview of all current and planned randomized trials of cholesterol treatment regimens. Am J Cardiol 1995;75:1130–4. 10.1016/s0002-9149(99)80744-97762499
  2. Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ (CTT) Collaboration. Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins. Lancet 2005;366:1267–78. 10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67394-116214597
  3. Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ (CTT) Collaboration. Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170,000 participants in 26 randomised trials. Lancet 2010;376:1670–81. 10.1016/s0140-6736(10)61350-521067804
  4. Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ (CTT) Collaboration. Efficacy and safety of LDL-lowering therapy among men and women: meta-analysis of individual data from 174,000 participants in 27 randomised trials. Lancet 2015;385:1397–405. 10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61368-425579834
  5. Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ (CTT) Collaboration. Efficacy and safety of statin therapy in older people: a meta-analysis of individual participant data from 28 randomised controlled trials. Lancet 2019;393:407–15. 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31942-130712900
  6. Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ (CTT) Collaborators. The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with statin therapy in people at low risk of vascular disease: meta-analysis of individual data from 27 randomised trials. Lancet 2012;380:581–90. 10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60367-522607822
  7. Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ (CTT) Collaboration. Impact of renal function on the effects of LDL cholesterol lowering with statin-based regimens: a meta-analysis of individual participant data from 28 randomised trials. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2016;4:829–39. 10.1016/s2213-8587(16)30156-527477773
  8. Kearney PM, Blackwell L, Collins R, Keech A, Simes J, Peto R, et al.; Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ (CTT) Collaborators. Efficacy of cholesterol-lowering therapy in 18,686 people with diabetes in 14 randomised trials of statins: a meta-analysis. Lancet 2008;371:117–25. 10.1016/s0140-6736(08)60104-x18191683
  9. Abramson JD, Rosenberg HG, Jewell N, Wright JM. Should people at low risk of cardiovascular disease take a statin? BMJ 2013;347:f6123. 10.1136/bmj.f612324149819
  10. Malhotra A. Saturated fat is not the major issue. BMJ 2013;347:f6340. 10.1136/bmj.f634024149521
  11. Collins R, Reith C, Emberson J, Armitage J, Baigent C, Blackwell L, et al. Interpretation of the evidence for the efficacy and safety of statin therapy. Lancet 2016;388:2532–61. 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31357-527616593
  12. Sattar N, Preiss D, Murray HM, Welsh P, Buckley BM, de Craen AJ, et al. Statins and risk of incident diabetes: a collaborative meta-analysis of randomised statin trials. Lancet 2010;375:735–42. 10.1016/s0140-6736(09)61965-620167359
  13. Preiss D, Seshasai SR, Welsh P, Murphy SA, Ho JE, Waters DD, et al. Risk of incident diabetes with intensive-dose compared with moderate-dose statin therapy: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2011;305:2556–64. 10.1001/jama.2011.86021693744
  14. NHS Prescription Services. Drug Tariff December 2021. 2021. URL: www.nhsbsa.nhs.uk/sites/default/files/2021-11/Drug%20Tariff%20December%202021.pdf (accessed 17 March 2022).
  15. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Lipid Modification: Cardiovascular Risk Assessment and the Modification of Blood Lipids for the Primary and Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease. 2014. URL: www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng238/evidence (accessed 26 September 2024).
  16. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Cardiovascular Disease: Risk Assessment and Reduction, Including Lipid Modification: Clinical Guideline. 2023. URL: www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng238 (accessed 16 December 2023).
  17. Ueda P, Lung TW, Clarke P, Danaei G. Application of the 2014 NICE cholesterol guidelines in the English population: a cross-sectional analysis. Br J Gen Pract 2017;67:e598–608. 10.3399/bjgp17X69214128760741
  18. Kotseva K, Wood D, De Bacquer D, De Backer G, Ryden L, Jennings C, et al.; EUROASPIRE Investigators. EUROASPIRE IV: a European Society of Cardiology survey on the lifestyle, risk factor and therapeutic management of coronary patients from 24 European countries. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2016;23:636–48. 10.1177/204748731556940125687109
  19. Matthews A, Herrett E, Gasparrini A, Van Staa T, Goldacre B, Smeeth L, Bhaskaran K. Impact of statin related media coverage on use of statins: interrupted time series analysis with UK primary care data. BMJ 2016;353:i3283. 10.1136/bmj.i328327353418
  20. Achelrod D, Gray A, Preiss D, Mihaylova B. Cholesterol- and blood-pressure-lowering drug use for secondary cardiovascular prevention in 2004–2013 Europe. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2016;24:426–36. 10.1177/204748731667690627799597
  21. Hippisley-Cox J, Coupland C, Brindle P. Development and validation of QRISK3 risk prediction algorithms to estimate future risk of cardiovascular disease: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2017;357:j2099. 10.1136/bmj.j209928536104
  22. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. Statin cost-effectiveness in the United States for people at different vascular risk levels. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2009;2:65–72. 10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.108.80846920031817
  23. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. Lifetime cost effectiveness of simvastatin in a range of risk groups and age groups derived from a randomised trial of 20,536 people. BMJ 2006;333:1145–8. 10.1136/bmj.38993.731725.BE17098764
  24. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. Cost-effectiveness of simvastatin in people at different levels of vascular disease risk: economic analysis of a randomised trial in 20,536 individuals. Lancet 2005;365:1779–85. 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)63014-015910950
  25. Schlackow I, Kent S, Herrington W, Emberson J, Haynes R, Reith C, et al.; SHARP Collaborative Group. A policy model of cardiovascular disease in moderate-to-advanced chronic kidney disease. Heart 2017;103:1880–90. 10.1136/heartjnl-2016-31097028780579
  26. Mihaylova B, Schlackow I, Herrington W, Lozano-Kuhne J, Kent S, Emberson J, et al.; SHARP Collaborative Group. Cost-effectiveness of simvastatin plus ezetimibe for cardiovascular prevention in CKD: results of the study of heart and renal protection (SHARP). Am J Kidney Dis 2016;67:576–84. 10.1053/j.ajkd.2015.09.02026597925
  27. Law MR, Wald NJ, Rudnicka AR. Quantifying effect of statins on low density lipoprotein cholesterol, ischaemic heart disease, and stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2003;326:1423. 10.1136/bmj.326.7404.142312829554
  28. National Institute for Health and Care Research. Cost-Effectiveness of Statin Therapies Evaluated Using Individual Participant Data from Large Randomised Clinical Trials. URL: https://fundingawards.nihr.ac.uk/award/17/140/02 (accessed 8 November 2023).
  29. Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ (CTT) Collaboration. CTT Collaboration. URL: www.cttcollaboration.org/participating-trials (accessed 28 April 2023).
  30. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. Effects on 11-year mortality and morbidity of lowering LDL cholesterol with simvastatin for about 5 years in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2011;378:2013–20. 10.1016/s0140-6736(11)61125-222115874
  31. Sudlow C, Gallacher J, Allen N, Beral V, Burton P, Danesh J, et al. UK Biobank: an open access resource for identifying the causes of a wide range of complex diseases of middle and old age. PLOS Med 2015;12:e1001779. 10.1371/journal.pmed.100177925826379
  32. Marmot M, Brunner E. Cohort profile: the Whitehall II study. Int J Epidemiol 2005;34:251–6. 10.1093/ije/dyh37215576467
  33. Hippisley-Cox J, Coupland C, Robson J, Brindle P. Derivation, validation, and evaluation of a new QRISK model to estimate lifetime risk of cardiovascular disease: cohort study using Qresearch database. BMJ 2010;341:c6624. 10.1136/bmj.c662421148212
  34. Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem 1972;18:499–502.4337382
  35. Smith G. Step away from stepwise. J Big Data 2018;5:32. 10.1186/s40537-018-0143-6
  36. Efron B, Tibshirani R. An Introduction to the Bootstrap. New York, NY: Chapman & Hall; 1993.
  37. Curtis LA, Burns A. Unit Costs of Health and Social Care 2020. Canterbury: University of Kent, PSSRU; 2020. URL: https://kar.kent.ac.uk/id/eprint/84818 (accessed 30 September 2021).
  38. Hobbs FDR, Bankhead C, Mukhtar T, Stevens S, Perera-Salazar R, Holt T, Salisbury C; National Institute for Health Research School for Primary Care Research. Clinical workload in UK primary care: a retrospective analysis of 100 million consultations in England, 2007–14. Lancet 2016;387:2323–30. 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00620-627059888
  39. NHS Digital. GP Workload Survey 2006/07. 2007. URL: https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/areas-of-interest/workforce/gp-workload-survey (accessed 30 September 2021).
  40. NHS Improvement. National Cost Collection Guidance 2019. 2019. URL: https://improvement.nhs.uk/documents/4883/National_cost_collections_19.pdf (accessed 31 January 2021).
  41. NHS Business Services Authority. Prescription Cost Analysis - England 2020–21. 2021. URL: www.nhsbsa.nhs.uk/statistical-collections/prescription-cost-analysis-england/prescription-cost-analysis-england-202021 (accessed 30 September 2021).
  42. NHS Digital. HRG4+ 2018/19 Reference Costs Grouper. 2019. URL: https://digital.nhs.uk/services/national-casemix-office/downloads-groupers-and-tools/costing---hrg4-2018-19-reference-costs-grouper (accessed 31 January 2021).
  43. NHS Improvement. Archived Reference Costs - 2017/2018 Reference costs. 2018. URL: https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20200501111106/https://improvement.nhs.uk/resources/reference-costs/ (accessed 9 August 2024).
  44. Zhou J, Wu R, Williams C, Emberson J, Reith C, Keech A, et al. Prediction models for individual-level healthcare costs associated with cardiovascular events in the UK. PharmacoEconomics 2023;41:547–59. 10.1007/s40273-022-01219-636826687
  45. Berry JD, Dyer A, Cai X, Garside DB, Ning H, Thomas A, et al. Lifetime risks of cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 2012;366:321–9. 10.1056/NEJMoa101284822276822
  46. Dolan P. Modeling valuations for EuroQol health states. Med Care 1997;35:1095–108. 10.1097/00005650-199711000-000029366889
  47. Hernandez Alava M, Pudney S, Wailoo A. Estimating the relationship between EQ-5D-5L and EQ-5D-3L: results from a UK population study. PharmacoEconomics 2023;41:199–207. 10.1007/s40273-022-01218-736449173
  48. van Buuren S, Groothuis-Oudshoorn K. mice: multivariate imputation by chained equations in R. J Stat Software 2011;45:1–67. 10.18637/jss.v045.i03
  49. Gomes M, Gutacker N, Bojke C, Street A. Addressing missing data in patient‐reported outcome measures (PROMS): implications for the use of PROMS for comparing provider performance. Health Econ 2016;25:515–28. 10.1002/hec.317325740592
  50. Grov EK, Fosså SD, Dahl AA. Activity of daily living problems in older cancer survivors: a population‐based controlled study. Health Soc Care Community 2010;18:396–406. 10.1111/j.1365-2524.2010.00912.x20491969
  51. Mohile SG, Xian Y, Dale W, Fisher SG, Rodin M, Morrow GR, et al. Association of a cancer diagnosis with vulnerability and frailty in older Medicare beneficiaries. J Natl Cancer Inst 2009;101:1206–15. 10.1093/jnci/djp23919638506
  52. Sulicka J, Pac A, Puzianowska-Kuźnicka M, Zdrojewski T, Chudek J, Tobiasz-Adamczyk B, et al. Health status of older cancer survivors: results of the PolSenior study. J Cancer Surviv 2018;12:326–33. 10.1007/s11764-017-0672-629318512
  53. Wu M, Brazier JE, Kearns B, Relton C, Smith C, Cooper CL. Examining the impact of 11 long-standing health conditions on health-related quality of life using the EQ-5D in a general population sample. Eur J Health Econ 2015;16:141–51. 10.1007/s10198-013-0559-z24408476
  54. Tsiplova K, Pullenayegum E, Cooke T, Xie F. EQ-5D-derived health utilities and minimally important differences for chronic health conditions: 2011 Commonwealth Fund Survey of Sicker Adults in Canada. Qual Life Res 2016;25:3009–16. 10.1007/s11136-016-1336-027307010
  55. Borchert K, Jacob C, Wetzel N, Jänicke M, Eggers E, Sauer A, et al. Application study of the EQ-5D-5L in oncology: linking self-reported quality of life of patients with advanced or metastatic colorectal cancer to clinical data from a German tumor registry. Health Econ Rev 2020;10:40. 10.1186/s13561-020-00297-633313984
  56. Keng MJ, Leal J, Bowman L, Armitage J, Mihaylova B. Decrements in health-related quality of life associated with adverse events in people with diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2021;24:530–8. 10.1111/dom.1461034866309
  57. Geessink N, Schoon Y, van Goor H, Olde Rikkert M, Melis R; TOPICS-MDS Consortium. Frailty and quality of life among older people with and without a cancer diagnosis: findings from TOPICS-MDS. PLOS ONE 2017;12:e0189648. 10.1371/journal.pone.018964829244837
  58. Kroep S, Chuang LH, Cohen A, Gumbs P, van Hout B, Monreal M, et al. The impact of co-morbidity on the disease burden of VTE. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2018;46:507–15. 10.1016/j.jval.2017.08.115130218272
  59. Krishnan A, Teixeira-Pinto A, Lim WH, Howard K, Chapman JR, Castells A, et al. Health-related quality of life in people across the spectrum of CKD. Kidney Int Rep 2020;5:2264–74. 10.1016/j.ekir.2020.09.02833305120
  60. Law M, Rudnicka AR. Statin safety: a systematic review. Am J Cardiol 2006;97:S52–60. 10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.12.010
  61. Lazar LD, Pletcher MJ, Coxson PG, Bibbins-Domingo K, Goldman L. Cost-effectiveness of statin therapy for primary prevention in a low-cost statin era. Circulation 2011;124:146–53. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.98634921709063
  62. NHS England. 2019/20 National Cost Collection Data Publication. 2021. URL: www.england.nhs.uk/publication/2019-20-national-cost-collection-data-publication/ (accessed 2 September 2022).
  63. Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ (CTT) Collaboration. Lack of effect of lowering LDL cholesterol on cancer: meta-analysis of individual data from 175,000 people in 27 randomised trials of statin therapy. PLOS ONE 2012;7:e29849. 10.1371/journal.pone.002984922276132
  64. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. NICE Health Technology Evaluations: The Manual (PMG36). 2022. URL: www.nice.org.uk/process/pmg36 (accessed 19 March 2022).
  65. Ference BA, Ginsberg HN, Graham I, Ray KK, Packard CJ, Bruckert E, et al. Low-density lipoproteins cause atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. 1. Evidence from genetic, epidemiologic, and clinical studies. A consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel. Eur Heart J 2017;38:2459–72. 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx14428444290
  66. Pate A, Elliott RA, Gkountouras G, Thompson A, Emsley R, van Staa T. The impact of statin discontinuation and restarting rates on the optimal time to initiate statins and on the number of cardiovascular events prevented. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2020;29:644–52. 10.1002/pds.502332394495
  67. Hutchins R, Viera AJ, Sheridan SL, Pignone MP. Quantifying the utility of taking pills for cardiovascular prevention. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2015;8:155–63. 10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.114.00124025648463
  68. Thalmann I, Preiss D, Schlackow I, Gray A, Mihaylova B. Population-wide cohort study of statin use for the secondary cardiovascular disease prevention in Scotland in 2009–2017. Heart 2023;109:388–95. 10.1136/heartjnl-2022-32145236192149
  69. Panozzo CA, Curtis LH, Marshall J, Fine L, Wells BL, Brown JS, et al. Incidence of statin use in older adults with and without cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus, January 2008–March 2018. PLOS ONE 2019;14:e0223515. 10.1371/journal.pone.022351531805056
  70. Mach F, Baigent C, Catapano AL, Koskinas KC, Casula M, Badimon L, et al.; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. Eur Heart J 2020;41:111–88. 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz45531504418
  71. Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, Beam C, Birtcher KK, Blumenthal RS, et al. 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/AphA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA guideline on the management of blood cholesterol: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on clinical practice guidelines. Circulation 2019;139:e1082–143. 10.1161/CIR.000000000000062530586774
  72. Chang W, Cheng J, Allaire J, Sievert C, Schloerke B, Xie Y, et al. shiny: Web Application Framework for R (R package version 1.7.4.90022023). URL: https://shiny.rstudio.com/ (accessed 30 April 2023).
  73. Kuntz K, Sainfort F, Butler M, Taylor B, Kulasingam S, Gregory S, et al. Decision and Simulation Modeling in Systematic Reviews. 2013. URL: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK127482/ (accessed 11 August 2022).
  74. Odden MC, Pletcher MJ, Coxson PG, Thekkethala D, Guzman D, Heller D, et al. Cost-effectiveness and population impact of statins for primary prevention in adults aged 75 years or older in the United States. Ann Intern Med 2015;162:533–41. 10.7326/M14-143025894023
  75. Office for National Statistics. Population Estimates for the UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland: Mid-2020. 2021. URL: www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/bulletins/annualmidyearpopulationestimates/mid2020 (accessed 26 August 2022).
  76. Kohli-Lynch CN, Lewsey J, Boyd KA, French DD, Jordan N, Moran AE, et al. Beyond 10-year risk: a cost-effectiveness analysis of statins for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Circulation 2022;145:1312–23. 10.1161/circulationaha.121.05763135249370
  77. Greving JP, Visseren FL, de Wit GA, Algra A. Statin treatment for primary prevention of vascular disease: whom to treat? Cost-effectiveness analysis. BMJ 2011;342:d1672. 10.1136/bmj.d167221450800
  78. Heller DJ, Coxson PG, Penko J, Pletcher MJ, Goldman L, Odden MC, et al. Evaluating the impact and cost-effectiveness of statin use guidelines for primary prevention of coronary heart disease and stroke. Circulation 2017;136:1087–98. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.02706728687710
  79. Pandya A, Sy S, Cho S, Weinstein MC, Gaziano TA. Cost-effectiveness of 10-year risk thresholds for initiation of statin therapy for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. JAMA 2015;314:142–50. 10.1001/jama.2015.682226172894
  80. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Lipid Modification: Cardiovascular Risk Assessment and the Modification of Blood Lipids for the Primary and Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease. 2014. URL: www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng238/evidence/full-guideline-july-2014-pdf-13254225661 (accessed 6 February 2024).
  81. Staniszewska S, Brett J, Simera I, Seers K, Mockford C, Goodlad S, et al. GRIPP2 reporting checklists: tools to improve reporting of patient and public involvement in research. BMJ 2017;358:j3453. 10.1136/bmj.j345328768629
  82. ClinicalTrials.gov. A Clinical Trial of Statin Therapy for Reducing Events in the Elderly (STAREE). URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02099123 (accessed 27 October 2022).
  83. ClinicalTrials.gov. Pragmatic Evaluation of Events and Benefits of Lipid-Lowering in Older Adults (PREVENTABLE). URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04262206 (accessed 27 October 2022).
  84. Li Y, Sperrin M, van Staa T. R package ‘QRISK3’: an unofficial research purposed implementation of ClinRisk’s QRISK3 algorithm into R. F1000Res 2020;8:2139. 10.12688/f1000research.21679.3
  85. UK Biobank. Guidelines for Data Processing and Analysis of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). 2005. URL: https://biobank.ndph.ox.ac.uk/showcase/ukb/docs/ipaq_analysis.pdf (accessed 24 August 2022).
  86. Lourida I, Hannon E, Littlejohns TJ, Langa KM, Hypponen E, Kuzma E, Llewellyn DJ. Association of lifestyle and genetic risk with incidence of dementia. JAMA 2019;322:430–7. 10.1001/jama.2019.987931302669
  87. Carter AR, Gill D, Davey Smith G, Taylor AE, Davies NM, Howe LD. Cross-sectional analysis of educational inequalities in primary prevention statin use in UK Biobank. Heart 2022;108:536–42. 10.1136/heartjnl-2021-31923834315717
  88. Narayan KM, Boyle JP, Thompson TJ, Sorensen SW, Williamson DF. Lifetime risk for diabetes mellitus in the United States. JAMA 2003;290:1884–90. 10.1001/jama.290.14.188414532317
← ConclusionAdditional information →

Attribution. Borislava Mihaylova; Runguo Wu; Junwen Zhou; Claire Williams; Iryna Schlackow; Jonathan Emberson et al. (2024). Assessing long-term effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of statin therapy in the UK: a modelling study using individual participant data sets. National Institute for Health and Care Research. Copyright © 2024 Mihaylova et al. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. NCBI Bookshelf NBK610103. CC BY 4.0. Original source ↗. Text reproduced from the Bookshelf XML without changing wording; figures, images and supplements are not reproduced.

In this chapter Contents

  • References

Source

OpenStax source file ↗

Source record ↗

EvidenceLib is a research-education resource, not medical advice. It does not diagnose, prescribe or recommend starting, stopping or changing any treatment. Talk to a qualified clinician about your own situation. Methods, sources and licences · Rights and removal requests · Legal · Support