Acknowledgements
There are so many people we would wish to thank and who have made this study possible. Firstly, we would like to thank the men who made this study possible, working with us in the prison setting, giving their time with the hope of making positive change happen not only for them but for others. We are forever grateful. Also, we thank all those working within the prison service and in particular the governors at both study sites, who supported us from an idea to a reality and paved the way, along with their teams, to enable the study to take place and provide an opportunity for the men within their care. We would also like to thank the teams of CGL in Scotland and England who took the time to learn about the APPRAISE study. They collaborated with us in the hope that we could provide alcohol support to men on remand in prison and on liberation. They were committed and so wonderful to work with. Together they met with us on numerous occasions, discussing how the study could be conducted, with their willingness, support and advice making this such a positive experience. Finally, thanks to Sharon Mercado, who has worked with us and has become our most valued and trusted team member, always there to give us insights into how we could improve the study design and the documentation and adapting the study when the pandemic struck. Thank you for being you.
The authors would like to thank the funders for their support throughout and offer a particular thank you to Hannah Sainsbury, Research Manager (Monitoring), NIHR Evaluation, Trials and Studies Coordinating Centre (NETSCC), for her continued support. We would like to also thank the sponsor, the University of Edinburgh, Charlotte Smith, Research Governance Manager, the University of Edinburgh College of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, and the Research Support Office.
Finally but importantly, we would like to thank the Trial Steering Committee members (Professor Frank Sullivan (Chair), Professor Olivia Wu, Dr Fergus Daly, Hon Professor Alex McMahon, Dr Justina Murray, Ms Joanne O’Connor, Ms Jessica Davidson, Dr James Carnie, Mr Frank Reilly, Ms Tracey Stewart, Professor Anne Whittaker, Ms Alison Douglas, Mr Pete White and Mr Nigel Johnson) for their support and advice throughout.
Acknowledgement of participating investigator
Mr Kieran Lynch contributed as a scientific advisor, critically reviewed the study proposal and contributed to the conception and design of the study. Acknowledgement does not imply endorsement of the study’s data and conclusions. Written permission to be acknowledged was obtained from the participating investigator.
Contributions of authors
Aisha Holloway (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3070-3703) Professor of Nursing Studies, University of Edinburgh, Chief Investigator, made a substantial contribution to the conception and design of the study, protocol development, contribution to the analysis and interpretation of data, oversaw all aspects of the study, substantial contribution to the drafting of the final report, drafting and revising it critically for important intellectual content and provided approval of the version to be submitted to NIHR.
Gillian Waller (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1873-3766) RF, Research Fellow, University of Teesside, made a substantial contribution to the conception and design of the health economics project and subsequent literature reviews, and to the analysis and interpretation of data for the work of the APPRAISE project, contributed to the drafting of the final report for important intellectual content and provided approval of the version to be submitted to NIHR.
Jennifer Ferguson (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1719-269X) RF, Senior Lecturer in Criminology, University of Teesside, made a substantial contribution to the conception and design of the health economics project and subsequent literature reviews, and to the acquisition, analysis and interpretation of data for the work of the APPRAISE project, contributed to the drafting of the final report for important intellectual content and provided approval of the version to be submitted to NIHR.
Victoria Guthrie (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3920-2342) SRF, Improvement Lead, Community Justice Scotland, made a contribution to the conception, design and methods of the APPRAISE project, protocol development, intervention training, contribution to the acquisition of data, contributed to drafting the work and provided approval of the version to be submitted to NIHR.
Jamie Brian Smith (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0097-6102) RA, Research Associate, Charité University, made a substantial contribution to the conception and design of the APPRAISE project, protocol development, intervention training, contribution to the acquisition of data, contributed to the drafting of the final report for important intellectual content and provided approval of the version to be submitted to NIHR.
Joanne Boyd (https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8503-1005) RA, Trainer, County Durham Drug and Alcohol Recovery Service, made a substantial contribution to the conception and design of the APPRAISE project, protocol development, intervention training, contribution to the acquisition of data, contributed to the drafting of the final report for important intellectual content and provided approval of the version to be submitted to NIHR.
Sharon Mercado, PPI. Contributed substantially to the study from conception to design, contributed to the development of study material for participants, advised on recruitment, data collection and follow-up on liberation within prison services, contributing to the drafting of the final report for important intellectual content and approved the final version for publication.
Jessica Rees (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1495-2470) Statistician, University of Edinburgh, made a substantial contribution to the analysis and interpretation of data for the work of the APPRAISE project, contributed to the drafting of the final report for important intellectual content and provided approval of the version to be submitted to NIHR.
Richard Anthony Parker (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2658-5022) Senior Statistician, University of Edinburgh, made a substantial contribution to the conception, design, analysis and interpretation of data for the work of the APPRAISE project, contributed to the drafting of the final report for important intellectual content and provided approval of the version to be submitted to NIHR.
Andrew Stoddart (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1958-3897) Senior Health Economist, University of Edinburgh, made a substantial contribution to the conception and design of the health economics aspect of the APPRAISE project and to the analysis and interpretation of data, contributed to the drafting of the final report for important intellectual content and provided approval of the version to be submitted to NIHR.
Jeremy W Bray (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7712-160X) Professor of Economics, UNC Grennsboro, made a substantial contribution to the conception and design of the health economics aspect of the APPRAISE project and to the analysis and interpretation of data, contributed to the drafting of the final report for important intellectual content and provided approval of the version to be submitted to NIHR.
Simon Coulton (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7704-3274) Professor of Health Services Research, University of Kent, made a substantial contribution to the conception, design and methods of the study, protocol development, contribution to the analysis and interpretation of data, contributed to the drafting of the final report for important intellectual content and provided approval of the version to be submitted to NIHR.
Kate Hunt (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5873-3632) Professor in Behavioural Sciences and Health, University of Stirling, made a substantial contribution to the conception and design of the APPRAISE project, contributed to the drafting of the final report for important intellectual content and provided approval of the version to be submitted to NIHR.
Gertraud Stadler (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1935-8200) Professor for gender-sensitive prevention research, Charité University, made a substantial contribution to the conception and design of the logic model and health behaviour change design of the project, to the analysis and interpretation of data for the work of the APPRAISE project, contributed to the drafting of the final report for important intellectual content and provided approval of the version to be submitted to NIHR.
Arun Sondhi (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4748-5522) Researcher, Open University, made a contribution to the conception and design of the PNC and health data aspect of APPRAISE project, contributed to the drafting of the final report for important intellectual content and provided approval of the version to be submitted to NIHR.
Pam Smith (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7660-0289) Emeritus Professor, University of Edinburgh, made a contribution to the conception and design of the APPRAISE project, contributed to the drafting of the final report for important intellectual content and provided approval of the version to be submitted to NIHR.
Rosie Stenhouse (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1253-2544) Senior Lecturer, University of Edinburgh, made a contribution to the conception and design of the APPRAISE project, contributed to the drafting of the final report for important intellectual content and provided approval of the version to be submitted to NIHR.
Philip Conaglen (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8605-7045) Public Health Consultant, NHS Lothian, made a contribution to the conception and design of the APPRAISE project, contributed to the drafting of the work and provided approval of the version to be submitted to NIHR.
Aziz Sheikh (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7022-3056) Professor of Primary Care Research, University of Edinburgh, made a contribution to the conception and design of the APPRAISE project, contributed to the work and provided approval of the version to be submitted to NIHR.
Dorothy Newbury-Birch (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0065-8649) Professor of Alcohol and Public Health, Teesside University, made a substantial contribution to the conception and design of the study, protocol development, contribution to the analysis and interpretation of data, oversaw all aspects of the study, contributed to the drafting of the final report for important intellectual content and provided approval of the version to be submitted to NIHR.
All authors agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.
Disclosure of interests
Full disclosure of interests: Completed ICMJE forms for all authors, including all related interests, are available in the toolkit on the NIHR Journals Library report publication page at https://doi.org/10.3310/KNWT4781.
Primary conflicts of interest: Aisha Holloway reports grants from the RCN Foundation, The Burdett Trust for Nursing; consulting fees from WHO, and non-executive director roles from the Law Society Scotland, and the Florence Nightingale Foundation.
Richard Anthony Parker reports support from NHS Lothian and NIHR; participation on HSDR Board.
Andrew Stoddart reports grants from the NIHR and MRC.
Simon Coulton reports grants from the NIHR and Youth Endowment Fund; consulting fees from Youth Endowment Fund and NIHR Journals Library; participation on NIHR PHR/RGfAR and HTA Boards.
Kate Hunt reports grants from NIHR; participation on NIHR PHR Boards and COVID-19 Review.
Arun Sondhi reports grants from NHS England, College of Policing and Norfolk Police Crime Commissioner.
Dorothy Newbury-Birch reports grants from Durham City Council, NIHR, South Tees HDRC, Middlesbrough County Council; co-president of INEBRIA to September 2024.
Patient data statement
This work uses data provided by patients and collected by the NHS as part of their care and support. Using patient data is vital to improve health and care for everyone. There is huge potential to make better use of information from people’s patient records, to understand more about disease, develop new treatments, monitor safety and plan NHS services. Patient data should be kept safe and secure, to protect everyone’s privacy, and it’s important that there are safeguards to make sure that they are stored and used responsibly. Everyone should be able to find out about how patient data are used. #datasaveslives You can find out more about the background to this citation here: https://understandingpatientdata.org.uk/data-citation.
Data-sharing statement
All requests for data should be sent to the corresponding author. Access to available anonymised data may be granted following review.
Ethics statement
Ethics approval was sought and secured from (1) IRAS (East of Scotland Research Ethics Service) REC reference 19/ES/0068, IRAS project ID 261003; (2) HMPPS Ministry of Justice, National Research Committee reference 2019-240; (3) SPS Research Access and Ethics Committee (RAEC) approval letter dated 13 June 2019; (4) the University of Edinburgh School of Health in Social Science Nursing Studies Research Panel approval letter dated 26 September 2019; (5) NHS R&D in Scotland (R&D No. 2019/0268). The University of Edinburgh acted as trial sponsor (CAHSS 18/2/02).
Information governance statement
The University of Edinburgh is committed to handling all personal information in line with the UK Data Protection Act (2018) and the General Data Protection Regulation (EU GDPR) 2016/679. Under the Data Protection legislation, the University of Edinburgh is the Data Controller, and you can find out more about how we handle personal data, including how to exercise your individual rights and the contact details for our Data Protection Officer here: www.ed.ac.uk/data-protection/contact. The University of Edinburgh is the Data Processor.
Department of Health and Social Care disclaimer
This publication presents independent research commissioned by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR). The views and opinions expressed by the interviewees in this publication are those of the interviewees and do not necessarily reflect those of the authors, those of the NHS, the NIHR, MRC, NIHR Coordinating Centre, the Public Health Research programme or the Department of Health and Social Care.
This monograph was published based on current knowledge at the time and date of publication. NIHR is committed to being inclusive and will continually monitor best practice and guidance in relation to terminology and language to ensure that we remain relevant to our stakeholders.
Publications
Holloway A, Watson H, Starr G. How do we enhance problem drinkers’ self efficacy?: a nurse administered intervention. J Subst Use 2006;11:375–86.
Holloway A, Watson H, Arthur A, McFadyen A, Starr G, McIntosh J. An evaluation of drinking refusal self-efficacy and minimal interventions for potential problem drinkers in a general hospital setting. Addiction 2007;102:1762–70.
Holloway A, Landale S, Ferguson J, Newbury-Birch D, Parker R, Smith P, Sheikh A. Alcohol Brief Interventions (ABIs) for male remand prisoners: protocol for development of a complex intervention and feasibility study (PRISM-A). BMJ Open 2017;4:e014561. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014561
Holloway A, Guthrie V, Waller G, Smith J, Boyd J, Mercado S, et al. A two-arm parallel-group individually randomised prison pilot study of a male remand alcohol intervention for self-efficacy enhancement: the APPRAISE study protocol. BMJ Open 2021;11:e040636.
Disclaimers
This article presents independent research funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR). The views and opinions expressed by authors in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the NHS, the NIHR, the PHR programme or the Department of Health and Social Care. If there are verbatim quotations included in this publication the views and opinions expressed by the interviewees are those of the interviewees and do not necessarily reflect those of the authors, those of the NHS, the NIHR, the PHR programme or the Department of Health and Social Care.