Skip to content
EvidenceHelixEvidenceLib · Scientific Encyclopedia
⌘ K

Scientific library

EvidenceLib encyclopediaAll articles A–Z2,835
Books209
All textbooksMedical textbooksHuman anatomyOrganisms & biodiversityOther sciences
Open-access articles1,406Cancer study catalog458How it is made

My workspace this browser

Saved pages0Notes & annotations0

Recently viewed

Explore by field

Cancer and Oncology182Genetics and Genomics170Neuroscience185Cardiovascular Medicine180Immunology142Pharmacology173Molecular Biology161Infectious Diseases150Rare and Inherited Diseases181Clinical Research173Anatomy and Physiology613Drugs and Chemicals621Psychiatry and Psychology185Public Health and Nutrition178Diagnostics and Medical Technology125Respiratory Medicine113Digestive System and Liver91Metabolism and Endocrine Disease177Bones, Joints, Muscles and Skin213Kidney, Urology and Women's Health173Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat55
Plans & pricingCompare EvidenceHelix workspace plans
Library›Open textbooks›A pedometer-based walking intervention in 45- to 75-year-olds, with and without practice nurse support: the PACE-UP three-arm cluster RCT›References

Continue where you left off ()

GO BEYOND THE PAGEReading is just the beginning.

Turn scientific reading into research. Compare studies, examine evidence, and organize your findings in EvidenceHelix Workspace.

Explore Research Workspace →

A pedometer-based walking intervention in 45- to 75-year-olds, with and without practice nurse support: the PACE-UP three-arm cluster RCT · References

References

CC BY 2.0 · NIHR Journals Library · approximately 29 min read

  1. Department of Health and Social Care. Start Active, Stay Active: A Report on Physical Activity for Health from the Four Home Countries’ Chief Medical Officers. London: Department of Health and Social Care; 2011.
  2. World Health Organization. Global Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010.
  3. Lee IM, Shiroma EJ, Lobelo F, Puska P, Blair SN, Katzmarzyk PT, Lancet Physical Activity Series Working Group. Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy. Lancet 2012;380:219–29. 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61031-922818936
  4. Oldridge NB. Economic burden of physical inactivity: healthcare costs associated with cardiovascular disease. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2008;15:130–9. 10.1097/HJR.0b013e3282f19d4218391637
  5. Carlson SA, Fulton JE, Pratt M, Yang Z, Adams EK. Inadequate physical activity and health care expenditures in the United States. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2015;57:315–23. 10.1016/j.pcad.2014.08.00225559060
  6. Garber CE, Blissmer B, Deschenes MR, Franklin BA, Lamonte MJ, Lee IM, et al. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: guidance for prescribing exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011;43:1334–59. 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318213fefb21694556
  7. O’Donovan G, Blazevich AJ, Boreham C, Cooper AR, Crank H, Ekelund U, et al. The ABC of Physical Activity for Health: a consensus statement from the British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences. J Sports Sci 2010;28:573–91. 10.1080/0264041100367121220401789
  8. Morris JN, Hardman AE. Walking to health. Sports Med 1997;23:306–32. 10.2165/00007256-199723050-000049181668
  9. NHS Digital. Health Survey for England – 2008: Physical Activity and Fitness. London: NHS Digital; 2009.
  10. de Souto Barreto P. Global health agenda on non-communicable diseases: has WHO set a smart goal for physical activity? BMJ 2015;350:h23. 10.1136/bmj.h23
  11. Sparling PB, Howard BJ, Dunstan DW, Owen N. Recommendations for physical activity in older adults. BMJ 2015;350:h100. 10.1136/bmj.h10025608694
  12. NHS Digital. Health Survey for England – 2012. London: NHS Digital; 2013.
  13. National Centre for Social Research. Health Survey for England – 2004. London: Department of Health; 2005.
  14. World Health Organization. Global Health Observatory Data Repository. URL: www.who.int/gho/ncd/risk_factors/physical_activity_text/en/ (accessed 25 May 2018).
  15. Tudor-Locke CE, Myers AM. Challenges and opportunities for measuring physical activity in sedentary adults. Sports Med 2001;31:91–100. 10.2165/00007256-200131020-0000211227981
  16. Morey MC, Sullivan RJ. Medical assessment for health advocacy and practical strategies for exercise initiation. Am J Prev Med 2003;25(Suppl. 3):204–8. 10.1016/S0749-3797(03)00180-6
  17. Cress ME, Buchner DM, Prohaska T, Rimmer J, Brown M, Macera C, et al. Best practices for physical activity programs and behavior counseling in older adult populations. J Aging Phys Act 2005;13:61–74. 10.1123/japa.13.1.6115677836
  18. Thompson PD, Buchner D, Pina IL, Balady GJ, Williams MA, Marcus BH, et al. Exercise and physical activity in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: a statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology (Subcommittee on Exercise, Rehabilitation, and Prevention) and the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism (Subcommittee on Physical Activity). Circulation 2003;107:3109–16. 10.1161/01.CIR.0000075572.40158.7712821592
  19. Hootman JM, Macera CA, Ainsworth BE, Martin M, Addy CL, Blair SN. Association among physical activity level, cardiorespiratory fitness, and risk of musculoskeletal injury. Am J Epidemiol 2001;154:251–8. 10.1093/aje/154.3.25111479190
  20. Ory M, Resnick B, Jordan PJ, Coday M, Riebe D, Ewing Garber C, et al. Screening, safety, and adverse events in physical activity interventions: collaborative experiences from the behavior change consortium. Ann Behav Med 2005;29:20–8. 10.1207/s15324796abm2902s_515921486
  21. Harris T, Kerry SM, Victor CR, Ekelund U, Woodcock A, Iliffe S, et al. A primary care nurse-delivered walking intervention in older adults: PACE (pedometer accelerometer consultation evaluation)-Lift cluster randomised controlled trial. PLOS Med 2015;12:e1001783. 10.1371/journal.pmed.100178325689364
  22. Hillsdon M, Foster C, Thorogood M. Interventions for promoting physical activity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005;1:CD003180. 10.1002/14651858.CD003180.pub2
  23. Richards J, Thorogood M, Hillsdon M, Foster C. Face-to-face versus remote and web 2.0 interventions for promoting physical activity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;9:CD010393. 10.1002/14651858.CD010393.pub2
  24. Foster C, Richards J, Thorogood M, Hillsdon M. Remote and web 2.0 interventions for promoting physical activity [published online ahead of print September 30 2013]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013. 10.1002/14651858.CD010395.pub2
  25. King AC, Haskell WL, Taylor CB, Kraemer HC, DeBusk RF. Group- vs home-based exercise training in healthy older men and women. A community-based clinical trial. JAMA 1991;266:1535–42. 10.1001/jama.1991.034701100810371880885
  26. Hobbs N, Godfrey A, Lara J, Errington L, Meyer TD, Rochester L, et al. Are behavioral interventions effective in increasing physical activity at 12 to 36 months in adults aged 55 to 70 years? A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med 2013;11:75. 10.1186/1741-7015-11-7523506544
  27. King AC, Rejeski WJ, Buchner DM. Physical activity interventions targeting older adults. A critical review and recommendations. Am J Prev Med 1998;15:316–33. 10.1016/S0749-3797(98)00085-39838975
  28. Richards D. Behaviour change guidance. Evid Based Dent 2007;8:98–100. 10.1038/sj.ebd.640052018158539
  29. NICE. Behaviour Change: Individual Approaches. London: NICE; 2014.
  30. Ogilvie D, Foster CE, Rothnie H, Cavill N, Hamilton V, Fitzsimons CF, et al. Interventions to promote walking: systematic review. BMJ 2007;334:1204. 10.1136/bmj.39198.722720.BE17540909
  31. Bravata DM, Smith-Spangler C, Sundaram V, Gienger AL, Lin N, Lewis R, et al. Using pedometers to increase physical activity and improve health: a systematic review. JAMA 2007;298:2296–304. 10.1001/jama.298.19.229618029834
  32. Kang M, Marshall SJ, Barreira TV, Lee JO. Effect of pedometer-based physical activity interventions: a meta-analysis. Res Q Exerc Sport 2009;80:648–55. 10.1080/02701367.2009.1059960419791652
  33. McMurdo ME, Sugden J, Argo I, Boyle P, Johnston DW, Sniehotta FF, Donnan PT. Do pedometers increase physical activity in sedentary older women? A randomized controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 2010;58:2099–106. 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2010.03127.x21054290
  34. Houle J, Doyon O, Vadeboncoeur N, Turbide G, Diaz A, Poirier P. Innovative program to increase physical activity following an acute coronary syndrome: randomized controlled trial. Patient Educ Couns 2011;85:e237–44. 10.1016/j.pec.2011.03.01821546203
  35. Yates T, Davies M, Gorely T, Bull F, Khunti K. Effectiveness of a pragmatic education program designed to promote walking activity in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care 2009;32:1404–10. 10.2337/dc09-013019602539
  36. NICE. Four Commonly Used Methods to Increase Physical Activity: Brief Interventions in Primary Care, Exercise Referral Schemes, Pedometers and Community Based Exercise Programmes for Walking and Cycling. London: NICE; 2006.
  37. NICE. Walking and Cycling. Local Measures to Promote Walking and Cycling as Forms of Travel or Recreation. London: NICE; 2012.
  38. Schneider PL, Bassett DR, Thompson DL, Pronk NP, Bielak KM. Effects of a 10,000 steps per day goal in overweight adults. Am J Health Promot 2006;21:85–9. 10.4278/0890-1171-21.2.8517152246
  39. Lindberg R. Active living: on the road with the 10,000 Steps program. J Am Diet Assoc 2000;100:878–9. 10.1016/S0002-8223(00)00251-010955038
  40. Croteau KA, Richeson NE, Farmer BC, Jones DB. Effect of a pedometer-based intervention on daily step counts of community-dwelling older adults. Res Q Exerc Sport 2007;78:401–6. 10.1080/02701367.2007.1059943918274211
  41. Prochaska JJ, Hall SM, Humfleet G, Munoz RF, Reus V, Gorecki J, Hu D. Physical activity as a strategy for maintaining tobacco abstinence: a randomized trial. Prev Med 2008;47:215–20. 10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.05.00618572233
  42. Tudor-Locke C, Craig CL, Brown WJ, Clemes SA, De Cocker K, Giles-Corti B, et al. How many steps/day are enough? For adults. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2011;8:79. 10.1186/1479-5868-8-7921798015
  43. Marshall SJ, Levy SS, Tudor-Locke CE, Kolkhorst FW, Wooten KM, Ji M, et al. Translating physical activity recommendations into a pedometer-based step goal: 3000 steps in 30 minutes. Am J Prev Med 2009;36:410–15. 10.1016/j.amepre.2009.01.02119362695
  44. McKay J, Wright A, Lowry R, Steele K, Ryde G, Mutrie N. Walking on prescription: the utility of a pedometer pack for increasing physical activity in primary care. Patient Educ Couns 2009;76:71–6. 10.1016/j.pec.2008.11.00419097843
  45. Baker G, Gray SR, Wright A, Fitzsimons C, Nimmo M, Lowry R, et al. The effect of a pedometer-based community walking intervention ‘Walking for Wellbeing in the West’ on physical activity levels and health outcomes: a 12-week randomized controlled trial. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2008;5:44. 10.1186/1479-5868-5-4418775062
  46. Tudor-Locke C, Craig CL, Aoyagi Y, Bell RC, Croteau KA, De Bourdeaudhuij I, et al. How many steps/day are enough? For older adults and special populations. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2011;8:80. 10.1186/1479-5868-8-8021798044
  47. Macmillan F, Fitzsimons C, Black K, Granat MH, Grant MP, Grealy M, et al. West End Walkers 65+: a randomised controlled trial of a primary care-based walking intervention for older adults: study rationale and design. BMC Public Health 2011;11:120. 10.1186/1471-2458-11-12021333020
  48. Mutrie N, Doolin O, Fitzsimons CF, Grant PM, Granat M, Grealy M, et al. Increasing older adults’ walking through primary care: results of a pilot randomized controlled trial. Fam Pract 2012;29:633–42. 10.1093/fampra/cms03822843637
  49. Ekelund U, Tingström P, Kamwendo K, Krantz M, Nylander E, Sjöström M, Bergdahl B. The validity of the Computer Science and Applications activity monitor for use in coronary artery disease patients during level walking. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2002;22:248–53. 10.1046/j.1475-097X.2002.00426.x12402446
  50. Harris TJ, Owen CG, Victor CR, Adams R, Ekelund U, Cook DG. A comparison of questionnaire, accelerometer, and pedometer: measures in older people. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009;41:1392–402. 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31819b353319516162
  51. Davis MG, Fox KR. Physical activity patterns assessed by accelerometry in older people. Eur J Appl Physiol 2007;100:581–9. 10.1007/s00421-006-0320-817063361
  52. Jefferis BJ, Sartini C, Lee IM, Choi M, Amuzu A, Gutierrez C, et al. Adherence to physical activity guidelines in older adults, using objectively measured physical activity in a population-based study. BMC Public Health 2014;14:382. 10.1186/1471-2458-14-38224745369
  53. Harris TJ, Owen CG, Victor CR, Adams R, Cook DG. What factors are associated with physical activity in older people, assessed objectively by accelerometry? Br J Sports Med 2009;43:442–50. 10.1136/bjsm.2008.04803318487253
  54. Tudor-Locke C, Ainsworth BE, Thompson RW, Matthews CE. Comparison of pedometer and accelerometer measures of free-living physical activity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2002;34:2045–51. 10.1097/00005768-200212000-0002712471314
  55. NICE Public Health Collaborating Centre. A Rapid Review of the Effectiveness of Pedometer Interventions to Promote Physical Activity in Adults. London: NICE; 2006.
  56. Talib H, Sabirin J. Pedometer and Accelerometer in Assessing Physical Activity Among Children and Adolescents. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Health Technology Assessment Unit; 2007.
  57. NICE. Modelling the Cost-effectiveness of Physical Activity Interventions. London: NICE; 2006.
  58. Shaw R, Fenwick E, Baker G, McAdam C, Fitzsimons C, Mutrie N. ‘Pedometers cost buttons’: the feasibility of implementing a pedometer based walking programme within the community. BMC Public Health 2011;11:200. 10.1186/1471-2458-11-20021453509
  59. Health Checks Programme NHS. Putting Prevention First: NHS Health Checks: Vascular Risk Assessment and Management Best Practice Guidelines. London: NHS; 2009.
  60. Lawton BA, Rose SB, Elley CR, Dowell AC, Fenton A, Moyes SA. Exercise on prescription for women aged 40–74 recruited through primary care: two year randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2008;337:a2509. 10.1136/bmj.a250919074218
  61. Brawley LR, Rejeski WJ, King AC. Promoting physical activity for older adults: the challenges for changing behavior. Am J Prev Med 2003;25(Suppl. 3):172–83. 10.1016/S0749-3797(03)00182-X14552942
  62. Tai SS, Gould M, Iliffe S. Promoting healthy exercise among older people in general practice: issues in designing and evaluating therapeutic interventions. Br J Gen Pract 1997;47:119–22.9101673
  63. Goodman C, Davies S, Tai SS, Dinan S, Iliffe S. Promoting older peoples’ participation in activity, whose responsibility? A case study of the response of health, local government and voluntary organizations. J Interprof Care 2007;21:515–28. 10.1080/1356182070163720417891625
  64. Pavey TG, Taylor AH, Fox KR, Hillsdon M, Anokye N, Campbell JL, et al. Effect of exercise referral schemes in primary care on physical activity and improving health outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2011;343:d6462. 10.1136/bmj.d646222058134
  65. Khan KM, Weiler R, Blair SN. Prescribing exercise in primary care. BMJ 2011;343:d4141. 10.1136/bmj.d414121765112
  66. David L. Using CBT in General Practice. The 10 Minute Consultation. Bloxham, Oxfordshire: Scion; 2006.
  67. British Psychological Society. Improving Health: Changing Behaviour: NHS Health Trainer Handbook. London: Department of Health and Social Care; 2008.
  68. Michie S, Ashford S, Sniehotta FF, Dombrowski SU, Bishop A, French DP. A refined taxonomy of behaviour change techniques to help people change their physical activity and healthy eating behaviours: the CALO-RE taxonomy. Psychol Health 2011;26:1479–98. 10.1080/08870446.2010.54066421678185
  69. Harris T, Kerry S, Victor C, Ekelund U, Woodcock A, Iliffe S, et al. Randomised controlled trial of a complex intervention by primary care nurses to increase walking in patients aged 60–74 years: protocol of the PACE-Lift (Pedometer Accelerometer Consultation Evaluation - Lift) trial. BMC Public Health 2013;13:5. 10.1186/1471-2458-13-523289648
  70. Harris T, Kerry SM, Victor CR, Shah SM, Iliffe S, Ussher M, et al. PACE-UP (Pedometer and consultation evaluation – UP) – a pedometer-based walking intervention with and without practice nurse support in primary care patients aged 45-75 years: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2013;14:418. 10.1186/1745-6215-14-41824304838
  71. Department for Communities and Local Government. English Indices of Deprivation 2010: Guidance Document. London: Department for Communities and Local Government; 2011.
  72. Booth M. Assessment of physical activity: an international perspective. Res Q Exerc Sport 2000;71(Suppl. 2):114–20. 10.1080/02701367.2000.1108279425680021
  73. Physical Activity Policy Unit, Department of Health and Social Care. The General Practice Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPPAQ). London: Department of Health and Social Care; 2009.
  74. Jette AM, Rooks D, Lachman M, Lin TH, Levenson C, Heislein D, et al. Home-based resistance training: predictors of participation and adherence. Gerontologist 1998;38:412–21. 10.1093/geront/38.4.4129726128
  75. Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1983;67:361–70. 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x6880820
  76. Brooks R. EuroQol: the current state of play. Health Policy 1996;37:53–72. 10.1016/0168-8510(96)00822-610158943
  77. Ware JE, Sherbourne CD. The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36). I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Med Care 1992;30:473–83. 10.1097/00005650-199206000-000021593914
  78. Ahmad S, Harris T, Limb E, Kerry S, Victor C, Ekelund U, et al. Evaluation of reliability and validity of the General Practice Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPPAQ) in 60-74 year old primary care patients. BMC Fam Pract 2015;16:113. 10.1186/s12875-015-0324-826329981
  79. Office for National Statistics. The English and Welsh 2011 Census. Newport: Office for National Statistics; 2012.
  80. McGee MA, Johnson AL, Kay DW. The description of activities of daily living in five centres in England and Wales. Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study. Age Ageing 1998;27:605–13. 10.1093/ageing/27.5.60512683341
  81. Tunstall J. Old and Alone. London: Routledge and Kegan; 1957.
  82. Nandy S, Parsons S, Cryer C, Underwood M, Rashbrook E, Carter Y, et al. Development and preliminary examination of the predictive validity of the Falls Risk Assessment Tool (FRAT) for use in primary care. J Public Health 2004;26:138–43. 10.1093/pubmed/fdh132
  83. Caspersen CJ, Bloemberg BP, Saris WH, Merritt RK, Kromhout D. The prevalence of selected physical activities and their relation with coronary heart disease risk factors in elderly men: the Zutphen Study, 1985. Am J Epidemiol 1991;133:1078–92. 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a1158212035512
  84. Freedson PS, Melanson E, Sirard J. Calibration of the Computer Science and Applications, Inc. accelerometer. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998;30:777–81. 10.1097/00005768-199805000-000219588623
  85. Matthews CE, Chen KY, Freedson PS, Buchowski MS, Beech BM, Pate RR, Troiano RP. Amount of time spent in sedentary behaviors in the United States, 2003-2004. Am J Epidemiol 2008;167:875–81. 10.1093/aje/kwm39018303006
  86. Little P, Dorward M, Gralton S, Hammerton L, Pillinger J, White P, et al. A randomised controlled trial of three pragmatic approaches to initiate increased physical activity in sedentary patients with risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Br J Gen Pract 2004;54:189–95.15006124
  87. Stevens W, Hillsdon M, Thorogood M, McArdle D. Cost-effectiveness of a primary care based physical activity intervention in 45-74 year old men and women: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Sports Med 1998;32:236–41. 10.1136/bjsm.32.3.2369773174
  88. Munro JF, Nicholl JP, Brazier JE, Davey R, Cochrane T. Cost effectiveness of a community based exercise programme in over 65 year olds: cluster randomised trial. J Epidemiol Community Health 2004;58:1004–10. 10.1136/jech.2003.01422515547060
  89. Sugden JA, Sniehotta FF, Donnan PT, Boyle P, Johnston DW, McMurdo ME. The feasibility of using pedometers and brief advice to increase activity in sedentary older women – a pilot study. BMC Health Serv Res 2008;8:169. 10.1186/1472-6963-8-16918691392
  90. Trost SG, McIver KL, Pate RR. Conducting accelerometer-based activity assessments in field-based research. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2005;37(Suppl. 11):531–43. 10.1249/01.mss.0000185657.86065.98
  91. Miller GD, Jakicic JM, Rejeski WJ, Whit-Glover MC, Lang W, Walkup MP, Hodges ML. Effect of varying accelerometry criteria on physical activity: the look ahead study. Obesity 2013;21:32–44. 10.1002/oby.2023423505166
  92. Senn S. Change from baseline and analysis of covariance revisited. Stat Med 2006;25:4334–44. 10.1002/sim.268216921578
  93. Harris T, Kerry SM, Limb ES, Victor CR, Iliffe S, Ussher M, et al. Effect of a primary care walking intervention with and without nurse support on physical activity levels in 45- to 75-year-olds: the Pedometer And Consultation Evaluation (PACE-UP) cluster randomised clinical trial. PLOS Med 2017;14:e1002210. 10.1371/journal.pmed.100221028045890
  94. Department of Health and Social Care. Healthy Lives, Healthy People: Our Strategy for Public Health in England. London: Department of Health and Social Care; 2010.
  95. Department of Health and Social Care. Improving Outcomes: A Strategy for Cancer. London: Department of Health and Social Care; 2011.
  96. Fitzsimons CF, Baker G, Wright A, Nimmo MA, Ward Thompson C, Lowry R, et al. The ‘Walking for Wellbeing in the West’ randomised controlled trial of a pedometer-based walking programme in combination with physical activity consultation with 12 month follow-up: rationale and study design. BMC Public Health 2008;8:259. 10.1186/1471-2458-8-25918655723
  97. Leung W, Ashton T, Kolt GS, Schofield GM, Garrett N, Kerse N, Patel A. Cost-effectiveness of pedometer-based versus time-based Green Prescriptions: the Healthy Steps Study. Aust J Prim Health 2012;18:204–11. 10.1071/PY1102823069363
  98. Over EA, Wendel-Vos GW, van den Berg M, Reenen HH, Tariq L, Hoogenveen RT, van Baal PH. Cost-effectiveness of counseling and pedometer use to increase physical activity in the Netherlands: a modeling study. Cost Eff Resour Alloc 2012;10:13. 10.1186/1478-7547-10-1323006466
  99. Cobiac LJ, Vos T, Barendregt JJ. Cost-effectiveness of interventions to promote physical activity: a modelling study. PLOS Med 2009;6:e1000110. 10.1371/journal.pmed.100011019597537
  100. Vijay GC, Wilson ECF, Suhrcke M, Hardeman W, Sutton S. Are brief interventions to increase physical activity cost-effective? Br J Sports Med 2016;50:408–17. 10.1136/bjsports-2015-09465526438429
  101. Drummond M SM, Klaxton K, Stoddart G, Torrance G, editors. Methods for the Economic Evaluation of Health Care Programmes. 4th edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2015.
  102. Department of Health and Social Care. NHS Reference Costs 2014–15. London: Department of Health and Social Care; 2014.
  103. Curtis LA. Unit Costs of Health and Social Care 2014. Canterbury: PSSRU, University of Kent; 2014.
  104. Anokye NK, Pokhrel S, Fox-Rushby J. Economic analysis of participation in physical activity in England: implications for health policy. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2014;11:117. 10.1186/s12966-014-0117-925927369
  105. Feng Y, Devlin N, Herdman M. Assessing the health of the general population in England: how do the three- and five-level versions of EQ-5D compare? Health Qual Life Outcomes 2015;13:171. 10.1186/s12955-015-0356-826489956
  106. Rabin R, Oemar M, Oppe M, Janssen B, Herdman M. EQ-5D-5L User Guide: Basic Information on How to Use the EQ-5D-5L Instrument. Rotterdam: EuroQol Group; 2011.
  107. Dolan P. Modeling valuations for EuroQol health states. Med Care 1997;35:1095–108. 10.1097/00005650-199711000-000029366889
  108. Lydick E, Epstein RS, Himmelberger D, White CJ. Area under the curve: a metric for patient subjective responses in episodic diseases. Qual Life Res 1995;4:41–5. 10.1007/BF004343827711690
  109. Briggs A, Clark T, Wolstenholme J, Clarke P. Missing... presumed at random: cost-analysis of incomplete data. Health Econ 2003;12:377–92. 10.1002/hec.76612720255
  110. Schafer JL. Multiple imputation: a primer. Stat Methods Med Res 1999;8:3–15. 10.1177/09622802990080010210347857
  111. Bennett DA. How can I deal with missing data in my study? Aust N Z J Public Health 2001;25:464–9. 10.1111/j.1467-842X.2001.tb00294.x11688629
  112. Simons CL, Rivero-Arias O, Yu LM, Simon J. Multiple imputation to deal with missing EQ-5D-3L data: should we impute individual domains or the actual index? Qual Life Res 2015;24:805–15. 10.1007/s11136-014-0837-y25471286
  113. Rubin D. Multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys United States of America. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons; 1987. 10.1002/9780470316696
  114. Allison PD. Multiple imputation for missing data: a cautionary tale. Sociol Method Res 2000;28:301–9. 10.1177/0049124100028003003
  115. Carpenter JR, Kenward MG. MAR Methods for Quantitative Data. In Carpenter JR, Kenward MG, editors. Missing Data In Randomised Controlled Trials: A Practical Guide. Birmingham: Health Technology Assessment Methodology Programme; 2007. pp. 51–72.
  116. Sterne JA, White IR, Carlin JB, Spratt M, Royston P, Kenward MG, et al. Multiple imputation for missing data in epidemiological and clinical research: potential and pitfalls. BMJ 2009;338:b2393. 10.1136/bmj.b239319564179
  117. Glick HA, Doshi JA, Sonnad SS, Polsky D. Economic Evaluation in Clinical Trials. 2nd edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2015.
  118. Vu T, Harris A, Duncan G, Sussman G. Cost-effectiveness of multidisciplinary wound care in nursing homes: a pseudo-randomized pragmatic cluster trial. Fam Pract 2007;24:372–9. 10.1093/fampra/cmm02417602174
  119. Basu A, Manca A. Regression estimators for generic health-related quality of life and quality-adjusted life years. Med Decis Making 2012;32:56–69. 10.1177/0272989X1141698822009667
  120. Manning WG, Mullahy J. Estimating log models: to transform or not to transform? J Health Econ 2001;20:461–94. 10.1016/S0167-6296(01)00086-811469231
  121. Smith L, Gardner B, Fisher A, Hamer M. Patterns and correlates of physical activity behaviour over 10 years in older adults: prospective analyses from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. BMJ Open 2015;5:e007423. 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007423
  122. Henderson C, Knapp M, Fernández JL, Beecham J, Hirani SP, Cartwright M, et al. Cost effectiveness of telehealth for patients with long term conditions (Whole Systems Demonstrator telehealth questionnaire study): nested economic evaluation in a pragmatic, cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2013;346:f1035. 10.1136/bmj.f103523520339
  123. Graubard BI, Korn EL. Analyzing health surveys for cancer-related objectives. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999;91:1005–16. 10.1093/jnci/91.12.100510379963
  124. Reiner M, Niermann C, Jekauc D, Woll A. Long-term health benefits of physical activity – a systematic review of longitudinal studies. BMC Public Health 2013;13:813. 10.1186/1471-2458-13-81324010994
  125. Sattelmair J, Pertman J, Ding EL, Kohl HW, Haskell W, Lee IM. Dose response between physical activity and risk of coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis. Circulation 2011;124:789–95. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.01071021810663
  126. Jeon CY, Lokken RP, Hu FB, van Dam RM. Physical activity of moderate intensity and risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. Diabetes Care 2007;30:744–52. 10.2337/dc06-184217327354
  127. Warburton DE, Nicol CW, Bredin SS. Health benefits of physical activity: the evidence. CMAJ 2006;174:801–9. 10.1503/cmaj.05135116534088
  128. Lee CD, Folsom AR, Blair SN. Physical activity and stroke risk: a meta-analysis. Stroke 2003;34:2475–81. 10.1161/01.STR.0000091843.02517.9D14500932
  129. Olanrewaju O, Kelly S, Cowan A, Brayne C, Lafortune L. Physical activity in community dwelling older people: a systematic review of reviews of interventions and context. PLOS ONE 2016;11:e0168614. 10.1371/journal.pone.016861427997604
  130. Anokye NK, Lord J, Fox-Rushby J. Is brief advice in primary care a cost-effective way to promote physical activity? Br J Sports Med 2014;48:202–6. 10.1136/bjsports-2013-09289724352807
  131. Campbell F, Holmes M, Everson-Hock E, Davis S, Buckley Woods H, Anokye N, et al. A systematic review and economic evaluation of exercise referral schemes in primary care: a short report. Health Technol Assess 2015;19(60). 10.3310/hta19600
  132. Pavey TG, Anokye N, Taylor AH, Trueman P, Moxham T, Fox KR, et al. The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of exercise referral schemes: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess 2011;15(44). 10.3310/hta15440
  133. Anokye NK, Trueman P, Green C, Pavey TG, Hillsdon M, Taylor RS. The cost-effectiveness of exercise referral schemes. BMC Public Health 2011;11:954. 10.1186/1471-2458-11-95422200193
  134. Anokye N, Anagnostou A, Lord J, Vali Y, Taylor S, Foster C, et al. An Individual-level Simulation Model for Assessing Physical Activity Interventions. European Public Health Conference, Vienna, 2016.
  135. NICE. Physical Activity: Brief Advice for Adults in Primary Care. Public health guideline [PH44]. London: NICE; 2013.
  136. Matrix. Estimating Return on Investment for Interventions and Strategies to Increase Physical Activity-Technical Report. London: NICE; 2014.
  137. Office for National Statistics. Life Expectancy. 2015. URL: http://visual.ons.gov.uk/how-long-will-my-pension-need-to-last/ (accessed 27 November 2017).
  138. Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee. Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008. Washington, DC: Department of Health and Human Services; 2008.
  139. Laine J, Kuvaja-Köllner V, Pietilä E, Koivuneva M, Valtonen H, Kankaanpää E. Cost-effectiveness of population-level physical activity interventions: a systematic review. Am J Health Promot 2014;29:71–80. 10.4278/ajhp.131210-LIT-62225361461
  140. Garrett S, Elley CR, Rose SB, O’Dea D, Lawton BA, Dowell AC. Are physical activity interventions in primary care and the community cost-effective? A systematic review of the evidence. Br J Gen Pract 2011;61:e125–33. 10.3399/bjgp11X56124921375895
  141. De Smedt D, De Cocker K, Annemans L, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Cardon G. A cost-effectiveness study of the community-based intervention ‘10 000 Steps Ghent’. Public Health Nutr 2012;15:442–51. 10.1017/S136898001100171621859505
  142. Brennan A, Blake L, Hill-McManus D, Payne N, Buckley Woods H, Blank L. Walking and Cycling: Local Measures to Promote Walking and Cycling As Forms of Travel or Recreation: Health Economic and Modelling Report. London: NICE; 2012.
  143. NHS Digital. Health Survey for England – 2004: The Health of Ethnic Minorities, Headline Results. London: NHS Digital; 2006.
  144. Lamb SE, Bartlett HP, Ashley A, Bird W. Can lay-led walking programmes increase physical activity in middle aged adults? A randomised controlled trial. J Epidemiol Community Health 2002;56:246–52. 10.1136/jech.56.4.24611896130
  145. Copeland RJ, Horspool K, Humphreys L, Scott E, Booster trial team. Recruiting to a large-scale physical activity randomised controlled trial - experiences with the gift of hindsight. Trials 2016;17:104. 10.1186/s13063-016-1229-026908117
  146. Caperchione CM, Duncan M, Kolt GS, Vandelanotte C, Rosenkranz RR, Maeder A, et al. Examining an Australian physical activity and nutrition intervention using RE-AIM. Health Promot Int 2016;31:450–8. 10.1093/heapro/dav00525715801
  147. Kerry SM, Morgan KE, Limb E, Cook DG, Furness C, Carey I, et al. Interpreting population reach of a large, successful physical activity trial delivered through primary care. BMC Public Health 2018;18:170. 10.1186/s12889-018-5034-429361929
  148. Normansell R, Holmes R, Victor C, Cook DG, Kerry S, Iliffe S, et al. Exploring non-participation in primary care physical activity interventions: PACE-UP trial interview findings. Trials 2016;17:178. 10.1186/s13063-016-1299-z27039181
  149. Victor CR, Rogers A, Woodcock A, Beighton C, Cook DG, Kerry SM, et al. What factors support older people to increase their physical activity levels? An exploratory analysis of the experiences of PACE-Lift trial participants. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2016;67:1–6. 10.1016/j.archger.2016.06.00627394028
  150. Ritchie J, Spencer L. Qualitative Data Analysis for Applied Policy Research. In Bryman AB, Burgess RG, editors. Analysing Qualitative Data. London: Routledge; 1994. pp. 173–95. 10.4324/9780203413081_chapter_9
  151. Foster CE, Brennan G, Matthews A, McAdam C, Fitzsimons C, Mutrie N. Recruiting participants to walking intervention studies: a systematic review. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2011;8:137. 10.1186/1479-5868-8-13722171531
  152. Loudon K, Treweek S, Sullivan F, Donnan P, Thorpe KE, Zwarenstein M. The PRECIS-2 tool: designing trials that are fit for purpose. BMJ 2015;350:h2147. 10.1136/bmj.h214725956159
  153. Warner ET, Glasgow RE, Emmons KM, Bennett GG, Askew S, Rosner B, Colditz GA. Recruitment and retention of participants in a pragmatic randomized intervention trial at three community health clinics: results and lessons learnt. BMC Public Health 2013;13:192. 10.1186/1471-2458-13-19223496916
  154. Dubbert PM, Cooper KM, Kirchner KA, Meydrech EF, Bilbrew D. Effects of nurse counseling on walking for exercise in elderly primary care patients. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2002;57:M733–40. 10.1093/gerona/57.11.M73312403802
  155. Dubbert PM, Morey MC, Kirchner KA, Meydrech EF, Grothe K. Counseling for home-based walking and strength exercise in older primary care patients. Arch Intern Med 2008;168:979–86. 10.1001/archinte.168.9.97918474762
  156. Cappuccio FP, Cook DG, Atkinson RW, Wicks PD. The Wandsworth Heart and Stroke Study. A population-based survey of cardiovascular risk factors in different ethnic groups. Methods and baseline findings. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 1998;8:371–85.
  157. Rogers A, Harris T, Victor C, Woodcock A, Limb E, Kerry S, et al. Which older people decline participation in a primary care trial of physical activity and why: insights from a mixed methods approach. BMC Geriatr 2014;14:46. 10.1186/1471-2318-14-4624725730
  158. Attwood S, Morton K, Sutton S. Exploring equity in uptake of the NHS Health Check and a nested physical activity intervention trial. J Public Health (Oxf) 2016;38:560–8. 10.1093/pubmed/fdv07026036701
  159. Douglas A, Bhopal RS, Bhopal R, Forbes JF, Gill JM, Lawton J, et al. Recruiting South Asians to a lifestyle intervention trial: experiences and lessons from PODOSA (Prevention of Diabetes & Obesity in South Asians). Trials 2011;12:220. 10.1186/1745-6215-12-22021978409
  160. Wilbur J, Buchholz SW, Ingram DM, Braun LT, Johnson TJ, Fogg L, et al. Effectiveness, efficiency, duration, and costs of recruiting for an African American women’s lifestyle physical activity program. Res Nurs Health 2013;36:487–99. 10.1002/nur.2155023775371
  161. Crombie IK, Irvine L, Williams B, McGinnis AR, Slane PW, Alder EM, et al. Why older people do not participate in leisure time physical activity: a survey of activity levels, beliefs and deterrents. Age Ageing 2004;33:287–92. 10.1093/ageing/afh08915082435
  162. Normansell R, Smith J, Victor C, Cook DG, Kerry S, Iliffe S, et al. Numbers are not the whole story: a qualitative exploration of barriers and facilitators to increased physical activity in a primary care based walking intervention. BMC Public Health 2014;14:1272. 10.1186/1471-2458-14-127225511452
  163. Chinn DJ, White M, Howel D, Harland JO, Drinkwater CK. Factors associated with non-participation in a physical activity promotion trial. Public Health 2006;120:309–19. 10.1016/j.puhe.2005.11.00316473376
  164. Costello E, Kafchinski M, Vrazel J, Sullivan P. Motivators, barriers, and beliefs regarding physical activity in an older adult population. J Geriatr Phys Ther 2011;34:138–47. 10.1519/JPT.0b013e31820e0e7121937904
  165. Cohen-Mansfield J, Marx MS, Guralnik JM. Motivators and barriers to exercise in an older community dwelling population. J Ageing Phys Act 2003;11:242–53. 10.1123/japa.11.2.242
  166. Justine M, Azizan A, Hassan V, Salleh Z, Manaf H. Barriers to participation in physical activity and exercise among middle-aged and elderly individuals. Singapore Med J 2013;54:581–6. 10.11622/smedj.201320324154584
  167. Booth ML, Bauman A, Owen N, Gore CJ. Physical activity preferences, preferred sources of assistance, and perceived barriers to increased activity among physically inactive Australians. Prev Med 1997;26:131–7. 10.1006/pmed.1996.99829010908
  168. Bock C, Jarczok MN, Litaker D. Community-based efforts to promote physical activity: a systematic review of interventions considering mode of delivery, study quality and population subgroups. J Sci Med Sport 2014;17:276–82. 10.1016/j.jsams.2013.04.00923693030
  169. Moore GF, Audrey S, Barker M, Bond L, Bonell C, Hardeman W, et al. Process evaluation of complex interventions: Medical Research Council guidance. BMJ 2015;350:h1258. 10.1136/bmj.h125825791983
  170. Furness C, Howard E, Limb E, Cook DG, Kerry S, Wahlich C, et al. Relating process evaluation measures to complex intervention outcomes: findings from the PACE-UP primary care pedometer-based walking trial. Trials 2018;19:58. 10.1186/s13063-017-2428-z29357921
  171. Horvath AO, Greenberg LS. Development and validation of the working alliance inventory. J Couns Psychol 1989;36:223–33. 10.1037/0022-0167.36.2.223
  172. Andrusyna TP, Tang TZ, DeRubeis RJ, Luborsky L. The factor structure of the working alliance inventory in cognitive-behavioral therapy. J Psychother Pract Res 2001;10:173–8.11402080
  173. Low DC, Miller SD, Squire B. The Outcome Rating Scale (ORS) and Session Rating Scales (SRS): Feedback Informed Treatment in Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS). 2012. URL: www.aft.org.uk/SpringboardWebApp/userfiles/aft/file/Events/2012/David%20Low%20paper%20for%20CYP-IAPT.pdf (accessed 18 June 2018).
  174. Mannix KA, Blackburn IM, Garland A, Gracie J, Moorey S, Reid B, et al. Effectiveness of brief training in cognitive behaviour therapy techniques for palliative care practitioners. Palliat Med 2006;20:579–84. 10.1177/026921630607105817060250
  175. Hope R. The Ten Essential Shared Capabilities – A Framework for the Whole of the Mental Health Workforce. London: Department of Health and Social Care; 2004. 10.1037/e543012011-001
  176. Ramsay CR, Thomas RE, Croal BL, Grimshaw JM, Eccles MP. Using the theory of planned behaviour as a process evaluation tool in randomised trials of knowledge translation strategies: a case study from UK primary care. Implement Sci 2010;5:71. 10.1186/1748-5908-5-7120920277
  177. Clarke DJ, Godfrey M, Hawkins R, Sadler E, Harding G, Forster A, et al. Implementing a training intervention to support caregivers after stroke: a process evaluation examining the initiation and embedding of programme change. Implement Sci 2013;8:96. 10.1186/1748-5908-8-9623972027
  178. Tomasone JR, Martin Ginis KA, Estabrooks PA, Domenicucci L. Changing minds, changing lives from the top down: an investigation of the dissemination and adoption of a Canada-wide educational intervention to enhance health care professionals’ intentions to prescribe physical activity. Int J Behav Med 2015;22:336–44. 10.1007/s12529-014-9414-624788316
  179. Tomasone JR, Arbour-Nicitopoulos KP, Pila E, Lamontagne ME, Cummings I, Latimer-Cheung AE, Routhier F. Exploring end user adoption and maintenance of a telephone-based physical activity counseling service for individuals with physical disabilities using the theoretical domains framework. Disabil Rehabil 2017;39:1332–40. 10.1080/09638288.2016.119323127341704
  180. Hasson H, Blomberg S, Dunér A. Fidelity and moderating factors in complex interventions: a case study of a continuum of care program for frail elderly people in health and social care. Implement Sci 2012;7:23. 10.1186/1748-5908-7-2322436121
  181. Grimshaw JM, Zwarenstein M, Tetroe JM, Godin G, Graham ID, Lemyre L, et al. Looking inside the black box: a theory-based process evaluation alongside a randomised controlled trial of printed educational materials (the Ontario printed educational message, OPEM) to improve referral and prescribing practices in primary care in Ontario, Canada. Implement Sci 2007;2:38. 10.1186/1748-5908-2-3818039362
  182. Fitzgerald TM, Williams PA, Dodge JA, Quinn M, Heminger CL, Moultrie R, et al. Program implementation approaches to build and sustain health care coordination for type 2 diabetes. Health Promot Pract 2017;18:306–13. 10.1177/152483991664370527178837
  183. Campbell-Scherer DL, Asselin J, Osunlana AM, Fielding S, Anderson R, Rueda-Clausen CF, et al. Implementation and evaluation of the 5As framework of obesity management in primary care: design of the 5As Team (5AsT) randomized control trial. Implement Sci 2014;9:78. 10.1186/1748-5908-9-7824947045
  184. Berendsen BA, Kremers SP, Savelberg HH, Schaper NC, Hendriks MR. The implementation and sustainability of a combined lifestyle intervention in primary care: mixed method process evaluation. BMC Fam Pract 2015;16:37. 10.1186/s12875-015-0254-525880376
  185. Beighton C, Victor C, Normansell R, Cook D, Kerry S, Iliffe S, et al. ‘It’s not just about walking . . . it’s the practice nurse that makes it work’: a qualitative exploration of the views of practice nurses delivering complex physical activity interventions in primary care. BMC Public Health 2015;15:1236. 10.1186/s12889-015-2568-626654223
  186. Picorelli AM, Pereira LS, Pereira DS, Felício D, Sherrington C. Adherence to exercise programs for older people is influenced by program characteristics and personal factors: a systematic review. J Physiother 2014;60:151–6. 10.1016/j.jphys.2014.06.01225092418
  187. Wahlich C, Beighton C, Victor C, Normansell R, Cook D, Kerry S, et al. ‘You started something . . . then I continued by myself’: a qualitative study of physical activity maintenance. Prim Health Care Res Dev 2017;18:574–90. 10.1017/S146342361700043328774352
  188. Harris T, Kerry SM, Limb ES, Furness C, Wahlich C, Victor CR, et al. Physical activity levels in adults and older adults 3-4 years after pedometer-based walking interventions: long-term follow-up of participants from two randomised controlled trials in UK primary care. PLOS Med 2018;15:e1002526. 10.1371/journal.pmed.100252629522529
  189. Iliffe S, Kendrick D, Morris R, Masud T, Gage H, Skelton D, et al. Multicentre cluster randomised trial comparing a community group exercise programme and home-based exercise with usual care for people aged 65 years and over in primary care. Health Technol Assess 2014;18(49). 10.3310/hta18490
  190. Marcus BH, Dubbert PM, Forsyth LH, McKenzie TL, Stone EJ, Dunn AL, Blair SN. Physical activity behavior change: issues in adoption and maintenance. Health Psychol 2000;19:32–41. 10.1037/0278-6133.19.Suppl1.3210709946
  191. White IR, Carpenter J, Horton N. A Mean Score Method for Sensitivity Analysis to Departures from the Missing at Random Assumption in Randomised Trials. Statistica Sinica; 2017. URL: www.stat.sinica.edu.tw/statistica/ (accessed 25 May 2018).
  192. Tully MA, Cupples ME, Chan WS, McGlade K, Young IS. Brisk walking, fitness, and cardiovascular risk: a randomized controlled trial in primary care. Prev Med 2005;41:622–8. 10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.11.03015917061
  193. NHS England Public Health England Diabetes UK. Healthier You: NHS Diabetes Prevention Programme (NHS DPP). 2015. URL: www.england.nhs.uk/ourwork/qual-clin-lead/action-for-diabetes/diabetes-prevention (accessed 27 November 2017).
  194. Chau JY, Grunseit AC, Chey T, Stamatakis E, Brown WJ, Matthews CE, et al. Daily sitting time and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis. PLOS ONE 2013;8:e80000. 10.1371/journal.pone.008000024236168
  195. Biswas A, Oh PI, Faulkner GE, Bajaj RR, Silver MA, Mitchell MS, Alter DA. Sedentary time and its association with risk for disease incidence, mortality, and hospitalization in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 2015;162:123–32. 10.7326/M14-165125599350
  196. Fitzsimons CF, Baker G, Gray SR, Nimmo MA, Mutrie N, Scottish Physical Activity Research Collaboration (SPARColl). Does physical activity counselling enhance the effects of a pedometer-based intervention over the long-term: 12-month findings from the Walking for Wellbeing in the west study. BMC Public Health 2012;12:206. 10.1186/1471-2458-12-20622429600
  197. Zheng H, Orsini N, Amin J, Wolk A, Nguyen VT, Ehrlich F. Quantifying the dose-response of walking in reducing coronary heart disease risk: meta-analysis. Eur J Epidemiol 2009;24:181–92. 10.1007/s10654-009-9328-919306107
  198. Dwyer T, Pezic A, Sun C, Cochrane J, Venn A, Srikanth V, et al. Objectively measured daily steps and subsequent long term all-cause mortality: the tasped prospective cohort study. PLOS ONE 2015;10:e0141274. 10.1371/journal.pone.014127426536618
  199. Marcus BH, Lewis BA, Hogan J, King TK, Albrecht AE, Bock B, et al. The efficacy of moderate-intensity exercise as an aid for smoking cessation in women: a randomized controlled trial. Nicotine Tob Res 2005;7:871–80. 10.1080/1462220050026605616298722
  200. Ashford S, Edmunds J, French DP. What is the best way to change self-efficacy to promote lifestyle and recreational physical activity? A systematic review with meta-analysis. Br J Health Psychol 2010;15:265–88. 10.1348/135910709X46175219586583
  201. Cox KL, Flicker L, Almeida OP, Xiao J, Greenop KR, Hendriks J, et al. The FABS trial: a randomised control trial of the effects of a 6-month physical activity intervention on adherence and long-term physical activity and self-efficacy in older adults with memory complaints. Prev Med 2013;57:824–30. 10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.09.01024076011
  202. Kuller LH, Kinzel LS, Pettee KK, Kriska AM, Simkin-Silverman LR, Conroy MB, et al. Lifestyle intervention and coronary heart disease risk factor changes over 18 months in postmenopausal women: the Women On the Move through Activity and Nutrition (WOMAN study) clinical trial. J Womens Health 2006;15:962–74. 10.1089/jwh.2006.15.962
  203. Opdenacker J, Boen F, Coorevits N, Delecluse C. Effectiveness of a lifestyle intervention and a structured exercise intervention in older adults. Prev Med 2008;46:518–24. 10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.02.01718405960
  204. Tulloch H, Sweet SN, Fortier M, Capstick G, Kenny GP, Sigal RJ. Exercise facilitators and barriers from adoption to maintenance in the diabetes aerobic and resistance exercise trial. Can J Diabetes 2013;37:367–74. 10.1016/j.jcjd.2013.09.00224321716
  205. Kaewthummanukul T, Brown KC. Determinants of employee participation in physical activity: critical review of the literature. AAOHN J 2006;54:249–61. 10.1177/21650799060540060216800402
  206. Sharma M, Sargent L, Stacy R. Predictors of leisure-time physical activity among African American women. Am J Health Behav 2005;29:352–9. 10.5993/AJHB.29.4.716006232
  207. Office for National Statistics (ONS). Annual survey of hours and earnings. ONS Digital; 2015. URL: www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/bulletins/annualsurveyofhoursandearnings/2015provisionalresults (accessed November 2015).
  208. Sharples L, Glover M, Bennett M, Jordan J, Clutterbuck-James A, Davies M, et al. TOMADO: a crossover randomised controlled trial of oral mandibular advancement devices for obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea. Health Technol Assess 2014;18(67). 10.3310/hta18670
  209. Gillett M, Dallosso HM, Dixon S, Brennan A, Carey ME, Campbell MJ, et al. Delivering the diabetes education and self-management for ongoing and newly diagnosed (DESMOND) programme for people with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: cost effectiveness analysis. BMJ 2010;341:c4093. 10.1136/bmj.c409320729270
  210. Richardson G, Kennedy A, Reeves D, Bower P, Lee V, Middleton E, et al. A Cost effectiveness of the Expert Participants Programme (EPP) for participants with chronic conditions. J Epidemiol and Community Health 2008;62:361–367. 10.1136/jech.2006.05743018339831
  211. Hu G, Qiao Q, Silventoinen K, Eriksson JG, Jousilahti P, Lindström J, et al. Occupational, commuting, and leisure-time physical activity in relation to risk for Type 2 diabetes in middle-aged Finnish men and women. Diabetologia 2003;46:322–9. 10.1007/s00125-003-1031-x12687329
  212. Hu G, Sarti C, Jousilahti P, Silventoinen K, Barengo NC, Tuomilehto J. Leisure time, occupational, and commuting physical activity and the risk of stroke. Stroke 2005;36:1994–9. 10.1161/01.STR.0000177868.89946.0c16081862
  213. Hu G, Jousilahti P, Borodulin K, Barengo NC, Lakka TA, Nissinen A, Tuomilehto J. Occupational, commuting and leisure-time physical activity in relation to coronary heart disease among middle-aged Finnish men and women. Atherosclerosis 2007;194:490–7. 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.08.05116979645
  214. Briggs AS, Sculpher MJ, Claxton K. Decision Modelling for Health Economic Evaluation. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2006.
  215. Hu G, Jousilahti P, Antikainen R, Tuomilehto J. Occupational, commuting, and leisure-time physical activity in relation to cardiovascular mortality among Finnish subjects with hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2007;20:1242–50. 10.1016/j.amjhyper.2007.07.01518047912
  216. Preis SR, Pencina MJ, Hwang SJ, D’Agostino RB, Savage PJ, Levy D, Fox CS. Trends in cardiovascular disease risk factors in individuals with and without diabetes mellitus in the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 2009;120:212–20. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.84651919581493
  217. Ward SL, Lloyd Jones M, Pandor A, Holmes M, Ara R, Ryan A. et al. A systematic review and economic evaluation of statins for the prevention of coronary. Health Technol Assess 2007;11(14).
  218. National Clinical Guideline Centre (UK). Hypertension: The Clinical Management of Primary Hypertension in Adults: Update of Clinical Guidelines 18 and 34. NICE Clinical Guidelines. London: NICE; 2011.
  219. Jamrozik K. Estimate of deaths attributable to passive smoking among UK adults: database analysis. BMJ 2005;330:812. 10.1136/bmj.38370.496632.8F15741188
  220. Brønnum-Hansen H, Davidsen M, Thorvaldsen P, Danish MONICA Study Group. Long-term survival and causes of death after stroke. Stroke 2001;32:2131–6. 10.1161/hs0901.09425311546907
  221. Preis SR, Hwang SJ, Coady S, Pencina MJ, D’Agostino RB Sr, Savage PJ, et al. Trends in all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality among women and men with and without diabetes mellitus in the Framingham Heart Study, 1950 to 2005. Circulation 2009;119:1728–35. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.82917619307472
  222. Ward S, Lloyd Jones M, Pandor A, Holmes M, Ara R, Ryan A, et al. Statins for the prevention of coronary events. Technology assessment report commissioned by the HTA programme on behalf of The National Institute for Clinical Excellence. London: NICE; 2005.
  223. National Clinical Guideline Centre (NCGC). Hypertension: the clinical management of primary hypertension in adults. Clinical guideline: methods, evidence and recommendations. London: NICE; 2011.
  224. Gonzalez ELM, Johansson S, Wallander MA. Trends in the prevalence and incidence of diabetes in the UK, 1996–2005. J Epidemiol Community Health 2009;63:332–6. 10.1136/jech.2008.08038219240084
  225. Department for Health and Social Care. Health Survey for England – 2011, Health, Social Care and Lifestyles. London: Department for Health and Social Care; 2012.
← DiscussionAcknowledgements →

Attribution. Tess Harris; Sally Kerry; Christina Victor; Steve Iliffe; Michael Ussher; Julia Fox-Rushby et al. (2018). A pedometer-based walking intervention in 45- to 75-year-olds, with and without practice nurse support: the PACE-UP three-arm cluster RCT. NIHR Journals Library. Copyright © Queen’s Printer and Controller of HMSO 2018. This work was produced by Harris et al. under the terms of a commissioning contract issued by the Secretary of State for Health and Social Care. This issue may be freely reproduced for the purposes of private research and study and extracts (or indeed, the full report) may be included in professional journals provided that suitable acknowledgement is made and the reproduction is not associated with any form of advertising. Applications for commercial reproduction should be addressed to: NIHR Journals Library, National Institute for Health Research, Evaluation, Trials and Studies Coordinating Centre, Alpha House, University of Southampton Science Park, Southampton SO16 7NS, UK. Licensed under CC BY 2.0. NCBI Bookshelf NBK508061. CC BY 2.0. Original source ↗. Text reproduced from the Bookshelf XML without changing wording; figures, images and supplements are not reproduced.

In this chapter Contents

  • References

Source

OpenStax source file ↗

Source record ↗

EvidenceLib is a research-education resource, not medical advice. It does not diagnose, prescribe or recommend starting, stopping or changing any treatment. Talk to a qualified clinician about your own situation. Methods, sources and licences · Rights and removal requests · Legal · Support