Salpingitis

Acute salpingitis (AS) is an inflammatory disease which causes severe damage to a subset of classically described cells lining in oviduct wall and contributes to interstitial fibrosis and fertility problems. Telocytes (TCs), a newly discovered peculiar type of stromal cells, have been identified in many organs, including oviduct, with proposed multiple potential bio-functions. However, with recent increasing reports regarding TCs alterations in disease-affected tissues, there is still lack of evidence about TCs involvement in AS-affected oviduct tissues and potential pathophysiological roles. We presently identified normal TCs by their characteristic ultrastructural features and immunophenotype. However, in AS-affected oviduct tissues, TCs displayed multiple ultrastructural damage both in cellular body and prolongations, with obvious loss of TCs and development of tissue fibrosis. Furthermore, TCs lose their interstitial 3-D network connected by homocellular or heterocellular junctions between TCs and adjacent cells. And especially, TCs connected to the activated immunocytes (mononuclear cells, eosinophils) and affected local immune state (repression or activation). Meanwhile, massive neutrophils infiltration and overproduced Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS), COX-2, suggested mechanism of inflammatory-induced TCs damage. Consequently, TCs damage might contribute to AS-induced structural and reproductive functional abnormalities of oviduct, probably via: (i) substances, energy and functional insufficiency, presumably, e.g. TC-specific genetic material profiles, ion channels, cytoskeletal elements, Tps dynamics, etc., (ii) impaired TCs-mediated multicellular signalling, such as homeostasis/angiogenesis, tissue repair/regeneration, neurotransmission, (iii) derangement of 3-D network and impaired mechanical support for TCs-mediated multicellular signals within the stromal compartment, consequently induced interstitial fibrosis, (iv) involvement in local inflammatory process/ immunoregulation and possibly immune-mediated early pregnancy failure.

Salpingitis is a common cause for subfertility and infertility both in humans and animals. However, the effects of salpingitis on tubal function and reproductive success are largely unknown. Therefore we set out to investigate the effects of inflammation on sperm and oocyte transport and gameto-maternal interaction in the oviduct using the bovine as a model. For this purpose, oviducts revealing mild (n = 45), moderate (n = 55) and severe (n = 45) inflammation were obtained from cows immediately after slaughter and investigated by live cell imaging, histochemistry and scanning electron microscopy. Our studies showed that endometritis was always correlated with salpingitis. Moderate and severe inflammation caused a significant increase in the thickness of tubal folds (p < 0.05). Severe inflammation was characterized by luminal accumulations of mucus and glycoproteins, increased apoptosis, loss of tight junctions and shedding of tubal epithelial cells. The mean ciliary beat frequency (CBF) in the ampulla was significantly reduced as compared to the controls (p < 0.05). The higher the grade of inflammation, the lower was the CBF (p < 0.001). In severe inflammation, spermatozoa were stuck in mucus resulting in decreased sperm motility. Our results imply that tubal inflammation impairs proper tubal function and leads to reduced sperm fertilizing capacity.

Good health and low mortality are constitutive elements of good animal welfare. In laying hens, mortality and pathological findings are usually reported as cumulative proportions from onset of lay to culling. However, knowledge of pathological lesions and causes of death specifically toward the end of the production period are scarce. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of postmortem lesions and tentative causes of death in non-beak trimmed, end of lay hens, housed in multitiered aviary systems. A convenience sample of 48 flocks was recruited. In each flock, layers dead between wk 65 and 70 were necropsied in the field. In total, 482 layers were subjected to postmortem examination. The 4 most common pathological lesions were keel bone fracture (KBF) (92%), fatty liver (42%), emaciation (23%), and salpingitis (22%). Apart from keel bone fracture, the relative frequency of the pathological lesions variated between flocks, indicating that flock is an important factor. Common tentative causes of death were salpingitis (18%) and fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS) (13%). This study sheds light on health challenges aviary housed layers are facing end of lay, which is crucial knowledge in the development of preventive measures to secure good health and welfare.

ObjectiveThis study aimed to explore the underlying mechanism of Batri-7 in tubal inflammatory infertility model rats treatment in the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)/nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway.MethodsFifty-three specific-pathogen-free-grade female Sprague-Dawley rats were selected, of which 10 were randomly assigned to the blank control group (normal rats). The remaining 43 rats were used to establish a salpingitis model, induced by mixed bacteria, and were randomly divided into a model group, a positive control group, a low-dose experimental group and a high-dose experimental group. The rats in the blank and model groups were gavaged with 10 mL·kg-1·d-1 distilled water, a Jingangteng Capsules suspension (0.4 g·kg-1) was used for the positive control group and a high-dose (0.5g·kg-1) and low-dose (0.3g·kg-1) once a day was used for the treatment groups. The rats were sacrificed after 28 days, and the fallopian tube tissue was collected after blood collection from the abdominal aorta. The contents of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-10 (IL-10), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in plasma were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Protein expression was evaluated using immunohistochemistry and western blot.ResultsCompared with the model group, the high-dose experimental group, the low-dose experimental group and the positive control group could significantly reduce the expression levels of IL-1β, ICAM-1 and TNF-α in plasma, increase the expression level of IL-10 (p p p ConclusionBatri-7 can exert anti-inflammatory effects and treat salpingitis by regulating the TLR4/MyD8/NF-κB signalling pathway.