SPECIES OE MAMMALS OE THE PACIEIC AREA 05 fcrs from that of otficr ^ilihons in bciri^ rlircctcd upward toward the elbow. Other peculiarities of the siainang include the web of skin between the second and middle toe, extending to the Fig. 27 — White-handed GMon first joint, and a large pouch of skin on the neck and throat which can be inflated.
The Dwarf Gibbon (Ilylobates Jclossi), the smallest of the gibbons, is black. The head and body length of an adult specimen measures about eighteen inches. This small gibbon
66 MAMMALS OF THE PACIFIC WORLD is found only on the islands of North and South Pagi, Sipora, and Siberut, West Sumatra.
The White-handed Gibbon {Hylohates lar), found from lower Burma and Cambodia to Sumatra, has a black and a pale color phase, irrespective of sex. It differs from the other gibbons in the fact that the hands and feet are of a lighter color than the arms and legs. The black phase is sometimes grizzled behind the shoulders and its black face is framed with a ring of white hairs which varies considerably in width. Although the light phase may range in color from dark brown to very light buff, the white hairs about the face and the contrastingly lighter hands and feet are always noticeable. The Agile or Dark-handed Gibbon {Hylohates agilis), although the same size as the white-handed gibbon, differs from that animal in having the hands and feet the same color as the arms and legs. Color phases exist in this gibbon also. In the black phase the back is apt to be brown. The white line encircling the face is more variable in this gibbon, in some specimens spreading to the throat and cheeks and in others reduced to a white band on the brow. The pale phase of the agile gibbon resembles that of the white-handed gibbon in all but the hands and feet, which are dark. The agile gibbon is found in the Malay States and Sumatra.
The Gray Gibbon (Hylohates moloch) of Java and Borneo is distinguished from both of the preceding by the fact that the color of all individuals is uniformly gray, and there are no color phases. The color is usually ashy gray — in some specimens brownish gray — paler on the back and rump, with a dark patch on the top of the head. The gray gibbon of Borneo has been divided into a number of local races. These are browner than the Javan form and their underparts are darker than the back. Some specimens may have the underparts blackish.
species of mammals of the pacific area 67 Macaques, Baboons, Guenons. Family Cercopithecid^ This family includes, besides the macaques, the African baboons and guenons. The macaques are generally rather heavy-bodied monkeys with short, stout limbs, and tail generally shorter than the length of head and body. They have cheek pouches in which food is temporarily stored. The eyebrow ridges are heavy and the canine teeth in the male are long and sharp.
The Japanese Macaque (Macaca fuscata) is a short-tailed, long-haired monkey about two feet in length. Its color is dark brown or yellowish brown, darkest along the middle of the back, the hairs annulated with yellow and brown or black and brown. The sides of body and the underparts are grayer. The face in life is bright red. This monkey is found only in Japan. The Pig-tailed Macaque {Macaca nemestrina) ranges from upper Burma to Sumatra and Borneo. The males, with head and body measurement up to two feet, become much larger than the females. The face is flesh-colored. The fur is olive-brown, the hairs being ringed with black and yellow bars. The crown of the head is brownish black, this color often extending along the middle of the back to the base of the tail. The underparts are grayish white. The short tail, about eight inches long, is thinly haired and is carried in an arch.
These monkeys go about in troops and generally live in forested areas. They are often kept as pets and are sometimes trained to climb coconut trees and drop the ripe nuts to their masters waiting below. Old males are inclined to become savage in captivity. The pig-tailed macaque is found on Sumatra, Borneo, Banka, and the Pagi Islands. The Long-tailed or Crab-eating Macaque {Macaca irus) has a very wide distribution, from lower Burma and the Philippines south to Sumatra and east to Timor. It is the only kind of monkey found on many of the islands, and it has been in-
68 MAMMALS OF THE PACIFIC WORLD troduced on other islands. On account of its extensive range and isolation on many of these islands, numerous forms have developed and been described. These differ from one another chiefly in size and color. The crab-eating macaque has the longest tail of those discussed — almost as long as the length of the head and body. This monkey, like all macaques, has cheek pouches into which it stuffs food to be eaten later at leisure. The color is variable, generally grayish brown to golden brown, with underparts lighter, the hair being dark at the roots. Individual hairs are ringed with yellow, brown, or black. The face is generally brown, the eyelids bluish white, the hands, feet, and ears black. The hair of the crown is directed backward ; it occasionally forms a slight crest or whorl, less prominent than in the macaques of southern India. The measurement of head and body of large males may reach two feet, of the tail about eighteen inches. Females are smaller. The crab-eating macaques are commonly found among mangroves near the shore and seek their food along the tidal flats at ebb-tide. As the name implies, they are fond of crustaceans. They swim well and of ten, visit small islands offshore. The Formosan Rock Macaque (Macaca cyclopsis) is the only monkey found on Formosa. It is related to the rhesus macaque of southern China, Burma, and India, although it lacks the reddish tone of that animal. Its color is olive-gray or slaty, the hairs finely flecked with yellow, with darker legs and a black line along the top of the tail. The head and body length is about eighteen inches ; the tail about ten. These monkeys live among the rocks along the coast ; they appear to be rarer in the inland forest.
The Celebes or Moor Macaque (Macaca maura) is a large heavy-set macaque with a very short tail. The color is brownish black but some specimens are lighter. The face is black, and the lower parts, rump, and lower legs gray. The total length is about twenty-two inches, and the tail about one inch. On the Eastern Peninsula near Tonkean, a form has been described
SPECIES OF MAMMALS OF THE PACIFIC AREA 69 which has the legs as dark as the upperparts. The Celebes Macaque from the southern part of the island differs from the one from the north in that the feet are grsij instead of black. The Black or Celebes Ape {Cynopithecus niger) may be recognized easily by its elongated face, protruding eyebrows, black color, long hair on the crown of the head, and rudimentary tail. In young specimens the hair is brown. The black ape is found in northern Celebes and on some of the nearby is- Fig. ^S— Celebes Ape lands. It is a woodland animal, spending much of its time in the trees, but it often seeks its food on the open grassy land adjacent to the forest.
Leaf Monkeys or Langurs. Family Colobidje This family includes the leaf monkeys or langurs, the proboscis monkey and the stub-nosed monkeys of Asia, and the colobus monkeys of Africa. They feed chiefly on foliage and fruits. Their stomachs are adapted for such a diet, for they are large and sacculated.
70 MAMMALS OF THE PACIFIC WORLD The Leaf Monkeys {Preshytis) are characterized by their long, narrow hands and feet, with short thumb and first toe, by absence of cheek pouches, and by long tail and limbs. They spend most of their time in the high forest trees where they feed on foliage, flowers, fruit, and seeds. Occasionally they eat insects, birds, and eggs. Although they are able to run with a considerable speed on the ground, they are more at home Fig. 29 — Thomas's Leaf Monkey among the branches. In the trees they travel with great speed, making great leaps, their long tails maintaining their balance and their long hands and feet giving them remarkable grasping powers. Leaf monkeys are found from China? India, and Burma to Sumatra, Borneo, Java, and Bali.
The leaf monkeys vary greatly in color. Some are very handsome animals. The colors of the East Indian forms range through black, brown, red, gray, and white. More than thirty of the many species and subspecies occur. These numerous
SPECIES OF MAMMALS OF THE PACIFIC AREA 71 forms have been divided into nine groups which differ from one another chiefly in skull characters. Externally they are also characterized by the direction of the hair on the crown and sides of the head. The nine groups are : femoralis, chrysomelas, melalopha, thomasiy aygula, hosel, rubicunda, frontata, and pyrrhus.
In the femoralis group, the hair on the crown rises to a high thick crest. A whorl of hair appears about an inch behind the brows and a fringe of hairs above the brows. There are only three races of this leaf monkey found within our limits, two of which occur on the Rhio Archipelago and one in the Natuna Islands. These monkeys are all light brown above, with the outersides of the thighs grayish and the entire underparts white. A white patch shows on the temple behind the eye. In the race found on Bintang Island (rhionis) the bases of the hairs on the forehead and crown are brown, while in the animal inhabiting Kundur Island (canus) the same hairs have gray bases. The race on the Natuna Islands (natunce) is darker brown above, with blacker limbs and a smaller white patch on the temple, surrounded by black.
In Borneo, the chrysomelas group occurs. It is distinguished by a pair of whorls on the forehead with crest similar to the femoralis group, and by the lack of the fringe over the eyes. In typical chrysomelas of Sarawak the color is similar to that of femoralis but blacker, and the lower side of the tail is white for the greater part of its length. From the vicinity of the Miri River yet a second form (crucifer) is known. This animal is black and red: the crown, flanks, and outer surfaces of the legs are red, while a black band extends from the nape along the back and down the arms. This may be a color variety of chrysomelas. The third group of the leaf monkeys, melalopha, is characterized by the absence of a fringe over the eyes and by the presence of a definite whorl of hairs on the forehead. The hairs grow mainly backward from the brow to form a crest on the crown. The melalopha group is restricted to Sumatra and the Batu
72 MAMMALS OF THE PACIFIC WORLD Islands, and includes a number of forms, several of which are probably only color phases. The group may be divided into two subgroups, monkeys with blackish backs and monkeys with reddish backs.
Typical melalopha is one of the reddish forms. The back is red, slightly tinged with brown. The cheeks and forehead are white, and there is a reddish fuscus band from the side of the brow to the crest. The arms and legs are yellowish red, the hands and feet whitish yellow. The underparts, the inside of the limbs, and the basal half of the tail are white. This monkey is found in the Sumatran mountains opposite Bencoolen south to Mt. Dempo. In the mountains north of the range of melalopha, another form of this red monkey is found (flavimana). It differs from the preceding by having the forehead red instead of white and the back red, mixed with black. About Indrapura there is found a monkey (nohilis) with a deep red back and with cheeks, underside, and inside of the limbs tinted pale red. At Mt. Ophir a race (sumatrana) is found with dark graybrown on the back and the upperside of the tail. The external parts of the limbs are darker than those of typical melalopha, and the hands and feet are black. The lower chest is dusky gray; the chin, throat, belly, and the innersides of arms and legs and basal three-fourths of the tail are white. On the Batu Islands a smaller form (batuana) is very similar in color to sumatrana. In the Siak district on the eastern side of Sumatra, the leaf monkeys (percura) of this group have tails grizzled insteadof pure white.
In the southern part of Sumatra a variable monkey of the melalopha group (fusco-murina) is distinguished by the absence of any red on the back, on the outerside of the limbs, or upperside of the tail. The back and outsides of the forelegs are brownish gray and there is a dark stripe on the brow and sides of the head. The top of the head is whitish. The naked skin on the face, hands, and feet is white. A white animal with brownish gray back, yet unnamed, is thought by some to be a color variety