SPECIES OF MAMMALS OF THE PACIFIC AREA 57 Its muzzle is broad and swollen. The cheek-teeth, four above and five below, are the same in number as in Eptesicus and Vespertilio, and the canine has a small cusp near its posterior base. This bat is found among the mountains of New Guinea. It is intermediate in size between the last two kinds of bats, the head and body about two and one-fourth inches, the tail one and one-half inches, and the forearm about one and threeeighths inches.
The Sarawak Brown Bat (Hesperoptenus), light brown in color, is hardly to be distinguished from Eptesicus except that its inner incisor is two-pointed and the outer one is minute, hardly visible above the gum. Only one specimen has ever been found. It was collected many years ago in northwestern Borneo. The head and body are two inches long, the tail about one and one-half inches, and the forearm one and three-eighths inches.
The Club-footed or Flat-headed Bat {Tylonycteris) is found in the Indian and Malay subregions from the mainland to the Philippines, Celebes, and Timor. It has short wings and a flattened head. The wrist and foot bear thickened pads, apparently adhesive in function. Bats of this genus usually rest during the day in bamboo stems, crawling into them through narrow cracks. These bats include the smallest of the order. The head and body varies from one and three-eighths to one and seven-eighths inches, the tail from one to one and onehalf inches, and the forearm seven-eighths of an inch to one and one-eighth inches.
Broad-nosed Bats {Scot emus) are found in Africa, continental Asia, Australia, and New Guinea, but apparently this genus does not occur on the Malaysian islands. The different species are usually colored a uniform brown; some have pale undersides. They have a single conical upper incisor on each side. The cheek-teeth are four above, five below. The skull is broad, more nearly square in outline, viewed from above, than in related bats. The head and body lengths of the different
58 MAMMALS OF THE PACIFIC WORLD species vary from one and three-fourths inches to two and three-fourths inches; the tail is about two-thirds as long as the head and body, while the forearm measures one and oneeighth to two and one-fourth inches.
Malay Brown Bats (Scotophilus) are found in the islands from the Malay Peninsula and Formosa to Celebes. Closely related forms are found in Africa and on the Asiatic continent. These bats have a short face, a single conical upper incisor on each side, and massive, crowded cheek-teeth. The color is usually yellowish brown, duller below, with black membranes, but reddish individuals are known from Java. These brown bats are medium to large: the head and body two and one-half to three and one-half inches, the tail two to two and one-half inches, and the forearm from two to two and threefourths inches.
The Barbastelle (Barhastella) is dark, almost black, grizzled with yellowish. The large ears are united above the eyes and their lower margins extend on the upper lip, so that the eyes are almost surrounded by the ear shell. The number of cheek-teeth is five above and below. Barbastelle bats are found in the northern Old World region and reach as far east as Japan. They come out early in the evening to feed, often when it is still quite light, and fly slowly and erratically, frequently almost brushing the face of an observer. They are solitary in habit, hiding during the day under the thatch of cottages, in rock crevices, or in holes in trees. The head and body length is about two inches and the tail about the same, while the forearm is from one and three-eighths to one and onehalf inches.
Lobe-lipped or Wattled Bats (Chalinolobus) are found in Australia, New Guinea, New Caledonia, Norfolk Island, and New Zealand. There are several species, some of which are brown, others gray-brown, others nearly black. The underparts are paler. They are small or medium-sized bats, with the head and body one and three-fourths to two and one-half
SPECIES OF MAMMALS OF THE PACIFIC AREA 59 inches long, the tail one and one-fourth to two and one-fourth inches, and the forearm one and one-fourth to one and threefourths inches.
The Galapagos Red Bat and the Hawaiian Hoary Bat belong to the same genus (Lasiurus), elsewhere restricted to North and South America. They are characterized by a hairy interfemoral membrane and short broad ears. The mainland species migrate long distances, often across considerable bodies of water. Thus they are bats that may readily be carried by storms far from their usual ranges. Even so, the ancestors of the Hawaiian hoary bat must have traveled twenty-four hundred miles from the North American coast, without chance to rest or secure food on the way — a remarkable record of endurance.
Bent-winged or Long-fingered Bats.
Subfamily Miniopterin^ Bent-winged Bats (Miniopterus), confined to a single genus, are found in Africa, southern Europe, and Asia, extending north to Japan and east to Australia and the Loyalty Islands. The first joint of the third finger is only about one-third as long as the distal joint, and this last joint is bent under and back against the undersurface of the metacarpal in repose. The crown of the head is high and dome-like. There are five cheek-teeth in each upper jaw, counting from behind the canine, and six in the lower jaw. Most species, though small, have large wings : the head and body measure from one and three-fourths to two and one-half inches. The tail is about equal to the head and body length, and the forearm varies from one and threeeighths to two and one-eighth inches.
TuBE-NOSED Insectivorous Bats.
Subfamily Murinin^ Tube-nosed Insectivorous Bats (Murina, Harpiocephalus) have the nostrils drawn out into tubes, much as in certain fruit
60 MAMMALS OF THE PACIFIC WORLD Metacarpals Third Finger FirstJoint" Terminal Joint wmmm^ D Fig. 25 — A. Wing of Bent-winged Bat; B. Head of Tube-nosed Insectivorous Bat; C. Head of Australian Long-eared Bat; D. Ear of Trumpet-eared Bat; E. Head of Mastiff Bat bats {Nyctimene, see p. 49). The proportions of the third finger are normal, but the thumb is relatively long and the wings are broad. Bats of this group are found from southern Asia east as far as Ceram and north to Japan. Most species are medium-sized : head and body from two to two and one-half inches, tail from one and three-eighths to two inches, forearm from one and one-fourth to two inches.
Australian Long-eared Bats.
Subfamily Nyctophilin^ The Australian Big-eared Bats (Nyctophilus, Pharotis) are the only members of the family Vespertilionidas which combine long ears, approximately an inch in length in most species, united by a fold above the forehead, with a low, horseshoe-
SPECIES OF MAMMALS OF THE PACIFIC AREA 61 shaped nose-leaf above the truncate muzzle. The head and body length measures from one and three-fourths to three inches, the tail from one and three-eighths to one and threefourths inches, and the forearm from one and three-eighths to one and seven-eighths inches. Both genera are found in New Guinea. Nyctophilus occurs also in Timor and Australia. Trumpet-eared or Forest Bats.
Subfamily Kerivoulin^ The Trumpet-eai'ed Bats (Kerivoula, PhoniscuSy Anamygdon) are present in Africa, southern Asia, and throughout the Pacific region west of the Solomons. Anamygdon is known only from the Solomon Islands. The long ears are funnelshaped; the outer margin arises from the side of the head slightly in front of the inner margin and the lower part of the ear is wide. The muzzle is simple. The crown of the head rises high, as in Miniopterus, Each jaw, above and below, contains six cheek-teeth. Most trumpet-eared bats are small, the head and body measuring from one and one-fourth to two and one-fourth inches, the tail about the same length as head and body, and the forearm from one to one and three-fourths inches. Most kinds are brown. Some with the body cinnamoncolored and the wings black, handsomely marked with brownish yellow, look like big butterflies.
The New Zealand Bat. Family MYSTACOPiDiE The New Zealand Bat (Mystacops) is the only representative of its family. The third joint of the third finger is bony rather than cartilaginous, as in other insectivorous bats. The tail perforates the interfemoral membrane, much as in the Emballonuridse (see p. 51). The claws of the thumb and toes are long; each has a small talon at the base. The first joint of the third finger folds inward and forward when the bat is resting. The length of head and body is about two and one-
62 MAMMALS OF THE PACIFIC WORLD half inches, of the tail about three-fourths of an inch, and of the forearm one and three-fourths inches.
Free-tailed Bats. Family Molossid^e The Free-tailed, Wrinkled-lipped or Mastiff Bats (Cheiromeles, Tadarida, and allies) are partly described by their common names. The upper lip which projects over the lower lip is large and wrinkled while the muzzle is obliquely truncate, all of which gives these bats the look of a mastiff. The tail projects far beyond the interfemoral membrane, which can be moved back and forth on the tail bones, somewhat like an awning, to increase or decrease its extent. The wing is narrow; the entire fifth finger is little longer than the metacarpal of the third. The lower leg is short, the hind foot stout, its toes fringed with long hairs. The family occurs in the warmer parts of both hemispheres.
The Naked Bat (Cheiromeles) is one of the ugliest and strangest-appearing mammals in existence. Its snout is long and pig-like, and it has small, widely separated ears. The skin of its neck falls in sparsely haired folds. The rest of the body is covered with hair so short that it looks naked. A glandular pouch is situated on the throat, and under each wing is a large pocket which perhaps serves to carry the young. The hind foot is hand-like, with the first toe large and opposable. This bat is larger or at least heavier than other East Indian insectivorous bats. The head and body reach five inches or more, the tail about two inches, and the forearm two and three-fourths to three and three-eighths inches. It is restricted to the Malayan region: Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and Palawan.
The Big-eared Mastiff Bat (Otomops) occurs in Java. It is nearly as large as the naked bat, and is brown. The ears are long, united over the forehead. Another species of this bat is found in Africa.
Other mastiff bats also, with the ears united across the head, are found north to Formosa and east to Norfolk Island, which
SPECIES OF MAMMALS OF THE PACIFIC AREA 63 lies halfway between Australia and New Zealand. In these the head and body varies from two to three and one-half inches, the tail from one to one and three-fourths inches, the forearm from one and one-fourth to two and one-fourth inches. Apes, Monkeys, Lemurs. Order Primates The primates, to which order man belongs, include the apes, monkeys, and lemurs. Their freely rotating forearm and opposable thumb and first toe adapt them for life in trees. The fingers and toes usually have flattened nails. All East Indian primates are ape-like or monkey-like, except two lemurs, the slow loris, and the tarsier. Their illustrations will aid in identification.
The Orang-utan. Family Pongid^ The Orang-utan (Pongo pygmceus) is unmistakable because of its large size and long brick-red hair. It is found only on Borneo and Sumatra. Orangs are heavily built animals with long arms, thick neck, and a melancholy expression on their faces. Their movements are slow and deliberate, and they spend most of their time among the branches of the trees. As they grow older, the males, which are larger than, the females, develop large skin-covered callouses on the sides of their faces, which give the face a rounded, dish-like appearance. These callouses are wanting in females. The ears are small, the lips broad, and the chin receding. A male orang-utan may reach four and one-half feet in height and weigh one hundred and fifty pounds. The Sumatran orang-utan is generally more purplish red and not so rusty red as the Bornean. Sumatran males sometimes develop a large mustache. They may represent distinct forms.
Orang-utans construct nests of branches and leaves in which they spend the night. Their food consists of fruit, leaves, and shoots. They are frequently found in the forest-covered swamp-
64 MAMMALS OF TlIK PACIFIC AVOULD ,,v.'-^^ Fig. !2G — Orang-utan lands and aloii^ rivers. Tlu\v are calloti "iiiias" by tlio Dyaks of Borneo and '"niawas" by the Malays.
The Gibbons.
Family IIylobatid^ The gibbons arc the smallest of the anthropoid apes. Like all the primates of this group they are tailless. They have extremely long arms by which they travel, swinging tliemselves from limb to limb through the forest. They are noted for their powerful voices, characteristic sounds in the country which they inhabit.
The Siamang {Hylohaics si/inhicti/Ius), the largest of the gibbons, is found in the ^lalay States and Sumatra. An adult standing upright measures over three feet in height. The hair is long and black. The hair on the siamang's forearm dif-