Definition and research guide
This page combines a MeSH definition, publication statistics and selected research abstracts. It is a starting point for reading the literature, not a medical textbook or a systematic evidence review.
Content available: 4 complete abstracts (1,224 words), 10 references. Full article text is not stored or reproduced here; follow the PMID, DOI or PMC links to read the original sources and their access terms.
Definition
Stroke due to rupture of a weakened blood vessel in the brain (e.g., cerebral hemispheres; cerebellum; subarachnoid space).
Definition: NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) scope note (Public domain (U.S. National Library of Medicine); attribution requested). View the MeSH record.
Also known as: Hemorrhagic Strokes; Stroke, Hemorrhagic; Intracerebral Hemorrhagic Stroke; Hemorrhagic Stroke, Intracerebral; Intracerebral Hemorrhagic Strokes; Stroke, Intracerebral Hemorrhagic; Intracerebral Hemorrhage Stroke; Hemorrhage Stroke, Intracerebral.
Where it fits in the MeSH classification
- Broader topics
- Stroke
Related concepts
- Cerebral Hemispheres
- Cerebellum
- Subarachnoid Space
Research landscape
PubMed indexes 1,034 records tagged with the MeSH heading “Hemorrhagic Stroke” (counts retrieved 2026-10-29). 1,026 of them (99.2%) were published from 2020 onward, and the busiest period so far is 2020 onward with 1,026 records.
Reviews account for 175 records (16.9%) and meta-analyses for 71. Randomized controlled trials number 24 (2.3%) as a share of all records on the topic.
Show the data
| Period | Records |
|---|---|
| through 1999 | 0 |
| 2000-2009 | 0 |
| 2010-2019 | 29 |
| 2020 onward | 1,026 |
Publication-type chart data
| Type | Records | Share |
|---|---|---|
| Reviews | 175 | 16.9% |
| Meta-analyses | 71 | 6.9% |
| Randomized controlled trials | 24 | 2.3% |
Method: PubMed query "Hemorrhagic Stroke"[MeSH Terms] with publication-type and date filters, retrieved 2026-10-29.
Reading the evidence in cardiovascular medicine
Cardiovascular medicine has an unusually large body of randomized trials, so the type of outcome matters: hard clinical events such as death, heart attack and stroke carry more weight than changes in blood pressure, cholesterol or imaging markers that only predict risk. Observational studies can show associations but are confounded by age, lifestyle and other illness. Check whether a result is about prevention or treatment, the baseline risk of participants, and the absolute rather than only the relative size of any benefit.
Evidence from open-access studies
These open-access studies come from PubMed’s best-match results for this heading (papers whose main topic it is), ranked here by citation count, with one recent addition. Each abstract is reproduced in full under its recorded open licence so that you can read the authors’ own words. They illustrate the literature; they are not a systematic summary of it. Citation counts measure attention, not reliability or clinical benefit.
Twenty-Year Change in Severity and Outcome of Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Strokes [1]
Abstract reading summary — source excerpts
- Opening excerpt
- ImportanceWhether recent changes in demographic characteristics and therapeutic technologies have altered stroke outcomes remains unknown.
- Closing excerpt
- The outcomes of patients with hemorrhagic stroke did not clearly improve in the same period.
- Interpretation limits
- Verbatim excerpts from the authors’ abstract; the closing excerpt may describe a finding, limitation or recommendation. Design, population, effect size and uncertainty have not been independently extracted or appraised. Read the complete abstract and linked paper before interpreting the findings.
Read complete abstract (385 words)
ImportanceWhether recent changes in demographic characteristics and therapeutic technologies have altered stroke outcomes remains unknown.ObjectiveTo determine secular changes in initial neurological severity and short-term functional outcomes of patients with acute stroke by sex using a large population.Design, setting, and participantsThis nationwide, hospital-based, multicenter, prospective registry cohort study used the Japan Stroke Data Bank and included patients who developed acute stroke from January 2000 through December 2019. Patients with stroke, including ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes, who registered within 7 days after symptom onset were studied. Modified Rankin Scale scores were assessed at hospital discharge for all patients.ExposureTime.Main outcomes and measuresInitial severity was assessed by the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale for ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage and by the World Federation of Neurological Surgeons grading for subarachnoid hemorrhage. Outcomes were judged as favorable if the modified Rankin Scale score was 0 to 2 and unfavorable if 5 to 6.ResultsOf 183 080 patients, 135 266 (53 800 women [39.8%]; median [IQR] age, 74 [66-82] years) developed ischemic stroke, 36 014 (15 365 women [42.7%]; median [IQR] age, 70 [59-79] years) developed intracerebral hemorrhage, and 11 800 (7924 women [67.2%]; median [IQR] age, 64 [53-75] years) developed subarachnoid hemorrhage. In all 3 stroke types, median ages at onset increased, and the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale and World Federation of Neurological Surgeons scores decreased throughout the 20-year period on multivariable analysis. In ischemic stroke, the proportion of favorable outcomes showed an increase over time after age adjustment (odds ratio [OR], 1.020; 95% CI, 1.015-1.024 for women vs OR, 1.015; 95% CI, 1.011-1.018 for men) but then stagnated, or even decreased in men, on multivariate adjustment including reperfusion therapy (OR, 0.997; 95% CI, 0.991-1.003 for women vs OR, 0.990; 95% CI, 0.985-0.994 for men). Unfavorable outcomes and in-hospital deaths decreased in both sexes. In intracerebral hemorrhage, favorable outcomes decreased in both sexes, and unfavorable outcomes and deaths decreased only in women. In subarachnoid hemorrhage, the proportion of favorable outcomes was unchanged, and that of unfavorable outcomes and deaths decreased in both sexes.Conclusions and relevanceIn this study, functional outcomes improved in patients with ischemic stroke during the past 20 years in both sexes presumably partly owing to the development of acute reperfusion therapy. The outcomes of patients with hemorrhagic stroke did not clearly improve in the same period.
Abstract reproduced from the open-access article under the recorded cc by licence; © the authors. PMID 34870689 · DOI · PMC8649912
Prevalence of dysphagia and risk of pneumonia and mortality in acute stroke patients: a meta-analysis [2]
Abstract reading summary — source excerpts
- Opening excerpt
- BackgroundPost-stroke dysphagia (PSD) has been associated with high risk of aspiration pneumonia and mortality.
- Closing excerpt
- view_only=26c7c8df8b55418d9a414f6d6df68bdb .
- Interpretation limits
- Verbatim excerpts from the authors’ abstract; the closing excerpt may describe a finding, limitation or recommendation. Design, population, effect size and uncertainty have not been independently extracted or appraised. Read the complete abstract and linked paper before interpreting the findings.
Read complete abstract (275 words)
BackgroundPost-stroke dysphagia (PSD) has been associated with high risk of aspiration pneumonia and mortality. However, limited evidence on pooled prevalence of post-stroke dysphagia and influence of individual, disease and methodological factors reveals knowledge gap. Therefore, to extend previous evidence from systematic reviews, we performed the first meta-analysis to examine the pooled prevalence, risk of pneumonia and mortality and influence of prognostic factors for PSD in acute stroke.MethodsOur search was conducted in CINAHL, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Ovid-Medline, PubMed, and Web of Science an initial search in October 2020 and a follow-up search in May 2021. Data synthesis was conducted using the Freeman-Tukey double-arcsine transformation model for the pooled prevalence rate and the DerSimonian-Lard random-effects model for prognostic factors and outcomes of PSD.ResultsThe pooled prevalence of PSD was 42% in 42 studies with 26,366 participants. PSD was associated with higher pooled odds ratio (OR) for risk of pneumonia 4.08 (95% CI, 2.13-7.79) and mortality 4.07 (95% CI, 2.17-7.63). Haemorrhagic stroke 1.52 (95% CI, 1.13-2.07), previous stroke 1.40 (95% CI, 1.18-1.67), severe stroke 1.38 (95% CI, 1.17-1.61), females 1.25 (95% CI, 1.09-1.43), and diabetes mellitus 1.24 (95% CI, 1.02-1.51) were associated with higher risk of PSD. Males 0.82 (95% CI, 0.70-0.95) and ischaemic stroke 0.54 (95% CI, 0.46-0.65) were associated with lower risk of PSD. Haemorrhagic stroke, use of instrumental assessment method, and high quality studies demonstrated to have higher prevalence of PSD in the moderator analysis.ConclusionsAssessment of PSD in acute stroke with standardized valid and reliable instruments should take into account stroke type, previous stroke, severe stroke, diabetes mellitus and gender to aid in prevention and management of pneumonia and thereby, reduce the mortality rate.Trial registrationhttps://osf.io/58bjk/?view_only=26c7c8df8b55418d9a414f6d6df68bdb .
Abstract reproduced from the open-access article under the recorded cc by licence; © the authors. PMID 35562660 · DOI · PMC9103417
Triglyceride-glucose index trajectory and stroke incidence in patients with hypertension: a prospective cohort study [3]
Abstract reading summary — source excerpts
- Opening excerpt
- BackgroundIt has been suggested that the baseline triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index, a simple surrogate measure for insulin resistance, is significantly associated with the occurrence of stroke.
- Closing excerpt
- This finding implies that regular monitoring of TyG index may assist in identifying individuals at a higher risk of stroke among patients with hypertension.
- Interpretation limits
- Verbatim excerpts from the authors’ abstract; the closing excerpt may describe a finding, limitation or recommendation. Design, population, effect size and uncertainty have not been independently extracted or appraised. Read the complete abstract and linked paper before interpreting the findings.
Read complete abstract (321 words)
BackgroundIt has been suggested that the baseline triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index, a simple surrogate measure for insulin resistance, is significantly associated with the occurrence of stroke. Nevertheless, the impact of longitudinal patterns of TyG on the stroke risk in hypertensive patients is still unknown. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the association between TyG index trajectory and stroke risk among hypertensive patients.MethodsThis prospective study included 19,924 hypertensive patients from the Kailuan Study who underwent three waves survey and were free of myocardial infarction, cancer and stroke before or during 2010. The TyG index was calculated as ln [fasting triglyceride (mg/dL) × fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL)/2], and latent mixed modelling was used to identify the trajectory of TyG during the exposure period (2006-2010). Furthermore, the Cox proportional hazard models were applied to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for incident stroke of different trajectory groups.ResultsFive distinct TyG trajectory were identified during 2006-2010: low-stable (n = 2483; range, 8.03-8.06), moderate low-stable (n = 9666; range, 8.58-8.57), moderate high-stable (n = 5759; range, 9.16-9.09), elevated-stable (n = 1741; range, 9.79-9.75), and elevated-increasing (n = 275; range, 10.38-10.81). During the median follow-up of 9.97 years, 1,519 cases of incident stroke were identified, including 1,351 with ischemic stroke and 215 with hemorrhage stroke. After adjusting for confounding variables, the HR and 95% CI of stroke were 2.21 (1.49,3.28) for the elevated-increasing group, 1.43 (1.13,1.83) for the elevated-stable group, 1.35 (1.10,1.64) for the moderate high-stable group, 1.26 (1.06,1.52) for the moderate low-stable group, respectively, when compare with the low-stable group. Similar results were observed in ischemic stroke, but a significant association was not found between TyG trajectory and risk of hemorrhage stroke.ConclusionA long-term elevated TyG index in hypertensive patients is associated with an increased risk of stroke, especially ischemic stroke. This finding implies that regular monitoring of TyG index may assist in identifying individuals at a higher risk of stroke among patients with hypertension.
Abstract reproduced from the open-access article under the recorded cc by licence; © the authors. PMID 35897017 · DOI · PMC9331781
Risk of New-Onset Ischaemic and Haemorrhagic Stroke in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes With Chronic Kidney Disease on SGLT-2 Inhibitor Users: A Population-Based Cohort Study [4]
Abstract reading summary — source excerpts
- Opening excerpt
- BackgroundType 2 diabetes (T2D) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) increase the risk of ischaemic and haemorrhagic strokes.
- Closing excerpt
- The protective profile of the SGLT2i against incident ischaemic and haemorrhagic strokes makes it a clinical option for those with T2D with CKD.
- Interpretation limits
- Verbatim excerpts from the authors’ abstract; the closing excerpt may describe a finding, limitation or recommendation. Design, population, effect size and uncertainty have not been independently extracted or appraised. Read the complete abstract and linked paper before interpreting the findings.
Read complete abstract (243 words)
BackgroundType 2 diabetes (T2D) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) increase the risk of ischaemic and haemorrhagic strokes. However, the effect of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) on reducing the risk of ischaemic and haemorrhagic strokes in patients with T2D and CKD remains unclear. Thus, this study was conducted to explore the role of SGLT2i in the prevention of ischaemic and haemorrhagic strokes.MethodsIn this retrospective cohort study, Cox regression analysis was employed to examine the hazard ratio (HR) between users and nonusers of SGLT2i on incident ischaemic and haemorrhagic strokes following 1:1 propensity score matching. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to determine the risk of study outcome over time between users and nonusers of SGLT2i. Finally, a sensitivity analysis of the HR was performed between users and nonusers of SGLT2i on incident ischaemic and haemorrhagic strokes after 1:2 sex and age matching.ResultsAfter 1:1 propensity score matching of patients by age, sex, T2D duration, and comorbidities, 107,819 users of SGLT2i and 107,819 nonusers were enrolled for analysis. SGLT2i therapy was associated with significantly reduced incidence of ischaemic and haemorrhagic strokes (HR 0.86, [95% CI, 0.81-0.90]; HR 0.80, [95% CI, 0.74-0.87]). Furthermore, the HR was even more significant in the sensitivity test for incident ischaemic and haemorrhagic strokes.ConclusionSGLT2i reduced the risk of incident ischaemic and haemorrhagic strokes among patients with T2D and CKD. The protective profile of the SGLT2i against incident ischaemic and haemorrhagic strokes makes it a clinical option for those with T2D with CKD.
Abstract reproduced from the open-access article under the recorded cc by licence; © the authors. PMID 41532340 · DOI · PMC12801180
Key reviews and meta-analyses
The most cited review-type papers among PubMed’s best-match results for this heading, listed with bibliographic details only. Follow the links for the full text and access terms.
- Research article Cognitive Impairment After Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association [5]
- Research article Neuroinflammation in Acute Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke [6]
- Research article Ambient air pollution and the risk of ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke [7]
- Research article Role of Inflammatory Processes in Hemorrhagic Stroke [8]
- Research article Emerging Concepts in Vascular Dementia: A Review [9]
- Research article Current management of spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage [10]
References
- Toyoda K, Yoshimura S, Nakai M, Koga M, Sasahara Y, Sonoda K, et al.. Twenty-Year Change in Severity and Outcome of Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Strokes. . 2022. PMID 34870689 · DOI · PMC8649912
- Banda KJ, Chu H, Kang XL, Liu D, Pien LC, Jen HJ, et al.. Prevalence of dysphagia and risk of pneumonia and mortality in acute stroke patients: a meta-analysis. . 2022. PMID 35562660 · DOI · PMC9103417
- Huang Z, Ding X, Yue Q, Wang X, Chen Z, Cai Z, et al.. Triglyceride-glucose index trajectory and stroke incidence in patients with hypertension: a prospective cohort study. . 2022. PMID 35897017 · DOI · PMC9331781
- Lin YH, Lin TK, Liao PL, Yang TY, Jong GP. Risk of New-Onset Ischaemic and Haemorrhagic Stroke in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes With Chronic Kidney Disease on SGLT-2 Inhibitor Users: A Population-Based Cohort Study. . 2026. PMID 41532340 · DOI · PMC12801180
- El Husseini N, Katzan IL, Rost NS, Blake ML, Byun E, Pendlebury ST, et al.. Cognitive Impairment After Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2023. PMID 37125534 · DOI · PMC12723706
- Alsbrook DL, Di Napoli M, Bhatia K, Biller J, Andalib S, Hinduja A, et al.. Neuroinflammation in Acute Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2023. PMID 37395873 · DOI · PMC10544736
- Verhoeven JI, Allach Y, Vaartjes ICH, Klijn CJM, de Leeuw FE. Ambient air pollution and the risk of ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke. Lancet Planet Health. 2021. PMID 34390672 · DOI
- Ohashi SN, DeLong JH, Kozberg MG, Mazur-Hart DJ, van Veluw SJ, Alkayed NJ, et al.. Role of Inflammatory Processes in Hemorrhagic Stroke. Stroke. 2023. PMID 36601948 · DOI
- Bir SC, Khan MW, Javalkar V, Toledo EG, Kelley RE. Emerging Concepts in Vascular Dementia: A Review. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2021. PMID 34062312 · DOI
- Dastur CK, Yu W. Current management of spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage. Stroke Vasc Neurol. 2017. PMID 28959487 · DOI · PMC5435209
About this article
- Sources
- NLM Medical Subject Headings (definition, synonyms); NCBI PubMed (counts, identifiers); Europe PMC (open-access abstracts and citation counts).
- Verification
- Every reference was resolved against PubMed on 2026-10-31; title, year and DOI matched.
- Review state
- automated source verified; no human expert review has been recorded yet.
- Version
- 1, last updated 2026-10-29.
See how EvidenceLib is built. Spotted an error? Email support@evidencehelix.com.
Evidence strength
EvidenceHelix's computed view of the study designs behind this topic: how common meta-analyses, randomized trials and reviews are, how recent the literature is, and a plain-language reading. It describes the design mix of the literature. It is not a quality appraisal of any study, and it is not medical advice.