Definition and research guide
This page combines a MeSH definition, publication statistics and selected research abstracts. It is a starting point for reading the literature, not a medical textbook or a systematic evidence review.
Content available: 3 complete abstracts (710 words), 9 references. Full article text is not stored or reproduced here; follow the PMID, DOI or PMC links to read the original sources and their access terms.
Definition
Pathological conditions involving the cardiovascular system including the heart; the blood vessels; or the pericardium.
Definition: NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) scope note (Public domain (U.S. National Library of Medicine); attribution requested). View the MeSH record.
Also known as: Cardiovascular Disease; Disease, Cardiovascular; Cardiac Events; Cardiac Event; Event, Cardiac; Adverse Cardiac Event; Adverse Cardiac Events; Cardiac Event, Adverse.
Where it fits in the MeSH classification
- Narrower topics
- Cardiovascular Abnormalities; Cardiovascular Infections; Heart Diseases; Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular; Vascular Diseases
Related concepts
- Cardiovascular System
- Heart
- Blood Vessels
- Pericardium
Research landscape
PubMed indexes 2,981,303 records tagged with the MeSH heading “Cardiovascular Diseases” (counts retrieved 2026-10-29). 580,342 of them (19.5%) were published from 2020 onward, and the busiest period so far is through 1999 with 1,028,718 records.
Reviews account for 423,690 records (14.2%) and meta-analyses for 40,140. Randomized controlled trials number 92,451 (3.1%) as a share of all records on the topic.
Show the data
| Period | Records |
|---|---|
| through 1999 | 1,028,718 |
| 2000-2009 | 567,091 |
| 2010-2019 | 805,152 |
| 2020 onward | 580,342 |
Publication-type chart data
| Type | Records | Share |
|---|---|---|
| Reviews | 423,690 | 14.2% |
| Meta-analyses | 40,140 | 1.3% |
| Randomized controlled trials | 92,451 | 3.1% |
Method: PubMed query "Cardiovascular Diseases"[MeSH Terms] with publication-type and date filters, retrieved 2026-10-29.
Reading the evidence in cardiovascular medicine
Cardiovascular medicine has an unusually large body of randomized trials, so the type of outcome matters: hard clinical events such as death, heart attack and stroke carry more weight than changes in blood pressure, cholesterol or imaging markers that only predict risk. Observational studies can show associations but are confounded by age, lifestyle and other illness. Check whether a result is about prevention or treatment, the baseline risk of participants, and the absolute rather than only the relative size of any benefit.
Evidence from open-access studies
These open-access studies come from PubMed’s best-match results for this heading (papers whose main topic it is), ranked here by citation count, with one recent addition. Each abstract is reproduced in full under its recorded open licence so that you can read the authors’ own words. They illustrate the literature; they are not a systematic summary of it. Citation counts measure attention, not reliability or clinical benefit.
| Study / authors | Year | Source label / design | Europe PMC citations | Licence / source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| The Senokine Gas6 Promotes Aortic Valve Calcification Through CaMKII-DRP1-Mediated Terminal Scission of Mitochondrial-Derived Vesicles | 2026 | Research article Design not recorded in structured metadata | 0 | cc by PMID 42902865 · DOI · PMC13684317 |
| Arrhythmic Risk Stratification in Non-Ischaemic Cardiomyopathy: The Role of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 2026 | Review article Design not recorded in structured metadata | 0 | cc by PMID 42909737 · DOI · PMC13694365 |
| Association of admission aggregate index of systemic inflammation with lower-extremity deep vein thrombosis after severe trauma | 2026 | Research article Design not recorded in structured metadata | 0 | cc by PMID 42905779 · DOI · PMC13686453 |
The Senokine Gas6 Promotes Aortic Valve Calcification Through CaMKII-DRP1-Mediated Terminal Scission of Mitochondrial-Derived Vesicles [1]
Abstract reading summary — source excerpts
- Opening excerpt
- Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is an age-associated valvular disorder in which calcification expands from discrete foci into adjacent tissue.
- Closing excerpt
- These findings identify Gas6-dependent terminal MDV scission as a mechanism contributing to the intercellular propagation of valvular calcification in a CAVD context characterized by senescence-associated features.
- Interpretation limits
- Verbatim excerpts from the authors’ abstract; the closing excerpt may describe a finding, limitation or recommendation. Design, population, effect size and uncertainty have not been independently extracted or appraised. Read the complete abstract and linked paper before interpreting the findings.
Read complete abstract (226 words)
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is an age-associated valvular disorder in which calcification expands from discrete foci into adjacent tissue. We investigated whether mitochondrial-derived vesicles (MDVs) released by human valvular interstitial cells (hVICs) exert pro-calcific effects on recipient cells and how MDV release is regulated. Using ex vivo hemodynamic perfusion of human CAVD tissue, multi-omics profiling, live-cell single-organelle tracking, MDV transfer assays, and in vivo Gas6 deletion, we found that calcifying hVICs hypersecreted MDVs that exerted pro-calcific effects in recipient hVICs. High-resolution imaging showed that mitochondria remodeled into donut-shaped structures under pro-osteogenic conditions; these structures served as physical platforms for MDV budding. Human CAVD valve tissues and hVICs treated with pro-osteogenic medium also exhibited senescence-associated features. Multi-omics profiling identified growth arrest-specific 6 (Gas6), a senokine, among 36 concordantly upregulated candidates. Functional analyzes showed that Gas6 promoted terminal MDV scission while leaving donut-shaped mitochondrial precursor formation intact. Mechanistically, Gas6 promoted intracellular Ca2+ accumulation, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) activation, and dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1) phosphorylation at Ser616, supporting a Ca2+-CaMKII-DRP1 axis that facilitates terminal MDV scission. Pharmacological inhibition of CaMKII or DRP1 reduced MDV hypersecretion and subsequent recipient-cell calcification, and Gas6 deletion in vivo attenuated valvular stenosis, calcification, and fibrotic remodeling. These findings identify Gas6-dependent terminal MDV scission as a mechanism contributing to the intercellular propagation of valvular calcification in a CAVD context characterized by senescence-associated features.
Abstract reproduced from the open-access article under the recorded cc by licence; © the authors. PMID 42902865 · DOI · PMC13684317
Arrhythmic Risk Stratification in Non-Ischaemic Cardiomyopathy: The Role of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging [2]
Abstract reading summary — source excerpts
- Opening excerpt
- Purpose of reviewThis review aims to evaluate the contemporary and evolving role of cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging in arrhythmic risk stratification for patients with non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy, specifically focussing on dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and non-dilated left ventricular cardiomyopathy (NDLVC).
- Closing excerpt
- CMR represents the cornerstone of this evolution.
- Interpretation limits
- Verbatim excerpts from the authors’ abstract; the closing excerpt may describe a finding, limitation or recommendation. Design, population, effect size and uncertainty have not been independently extracted or appraised. Read the complete abstract and linked paper before interpreting the findings.
Read complete abstract (235 words)
Purpose of reviewThis review aims to evaluate the contemporary and evolving role of cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging in arrhythmic risk stratification for patients with non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy, specifically focussing on dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and non-dilated left ventricular cardiomyopathy (NDLVC). This review synthesises current data on late gadolinium enhancement (LGE), parametric mapping, strain imaging and artificial intelligence (AI), and contextualises these among emerging genetic risk stratification approaches.Recent findingsLeft ventricular ejection fraction has been the cornerstone for guideline-based arrhythmic risk stratification in patients with DCM, despite limited precision. Observational data and meta-analyses have established the presence of replacement fibrosis through LGE-CMR as a powerful independent predictor of ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) and sudden cardiac death. Crucially, the absence of LGE identifies a low-risk cohort. Much recent focus has been on understanding whether more precise characterisation of scar can further enhance arrhythmic risk stratification, for example through scar quantification. Although data exists supporting a potential role for T1 mapping for arrhythmic risk prediction in this cohort, further research is required to support its widespread adoption. Emerging multimodal approaches using artificial intelligence and personalised computational "digital twins" are areas of important interest, offering scope for integration of imaging, electrocardiographic and genomic data layers. Arrhythmic risk stratification in non-ischaemic cardiomyopathies remains challenging despite significant advances. Progressive refinement in precision has accompanied a shift from a restrictive, functional assessment towards an integrated, substrate-driven precision model. CMR represents the cornerstone of this evolution.
Abstract reproduced from the open-access article under the recorded cc by licence; © the authors. PMID 42909737 · DOI · PMC13694365
Association of admission aggregate index of systemic inflammation with lower-extremity deep vein thrombosis after severe trauma [3]
Abstract reading summary — source excerpts
- Opening excerpt
- Early identification of patients at risk for lower-extremity deep vein thrombosis (LEDVT) after severe trauma remains difficult.
- Closing excerpt
- With 93 events and 11 candidate parameters, these internally validated results indicate shrinkage and require prospective external validation; AISI should be interpreted as a complementary admission marker.
- Interpretation limits
- Verbatim excerpts from the authors’ abstract; the closing excerpt may describe a finding, limitation or recommendation. Design, population, effect size and uncertainty have not been independently extracted or appraised. Read the complete abstract and linked paper before interpreting the findings.
Read complete abstract (249 words)
Early identification of patients at risk for lower-extremity deep vein thrombosis (LEDVT) after severe trauma remains difficult. This retrospective cohort study evaluated whether admission aggregate index of systemic inflammation (AISI), derived from platelet, neutrophil, monocyte, and lymphocyte counts, was associated with ultrasound-confirmed in-hospital LEDVT detected before the earlier of discharge or post-injury day 30 and whether it improved risk stratification. Among 223 adults with an Injury Severity Score of 16 or higher and evaluable bilateral lower-extremity ultrasonography, 93 (41.7%) had LEDVT. Each 1-SD increase in log-transformed AISI was associated with LEDVT after adjustment for age, sex, Injury Severity Score, Glasgow Coma Scale score, and shock index (odds ratio [OR], 2.07; 95% CI, 1.47-2.91; P < 0.001) and after additional adjustment for D-dimer, fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, and fibrinogen (OR, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.26-2.73; P = 0.002). Adding AISI to clinical variables increased the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) from 0.619 to 0.714 (AUC difference, 0.095; bootstrap 95% CI, 0.023 to 0.168; P = 0.009). After coagulation markers were included, the AUC difference was smaller and uncertain (0.018; 95% CI, -0.010 to 0.046; P = 0.166), although the Brier score improved by 0.014 (P = 0.020). For Model 4, bootstrap-corrected and repeated-cross-validation AUCs were 0.797 and 0.790, and calibration slopes were 0.831 and 0.773, respectively. With 93 events and 11 candidate parameters, these internally validated results indicate shrinkage and require prospective external validation; AISI should be interpreted as a complementary admission marker.
Abstract reproduced from the open-access article under the recorded cc by licence; © the authors. PMID 42905779 · DOI · PMC13686453
Key reviews and meta-analyses
The most cited review-type papers among PubMed’s best-match results for this heading, listed with bibliographic details only. Follow the links for the full text and access terms.
- Research article Recurrent VTE in patients with thrombophilia after stopping anticoagulation: a systematic review and meta-analysis [4]
- Research article Prevalence of unruptured intracranial aneurysms according to comorbidities, risk factors, country, and time period: a systematic review and meta-analysis [5]
- Research article MRI features of parenchymal neuro-Behçet's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis [6]
- Research article Intravenous Thrombolysis Beyond the Conventional Time Window for Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [7]
- Research article IV Thrombolysis in the Extended Time Window for Acute Ischemic Stroke: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [8]
- Research article Efficacy of DPP-4 Inhibitors on Seated and Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus [9]
References
- Zhang Y, Zhang J, Xu Y, Lei W, Xu F, Li J, et al.. The Senokine Gas6 Promotes Aortic Valve Calcification Through CaMKII-DRP1-Mediated Terminal Scission of Mitochondrial-Derived Vesicles. . 2026. PMID 42902865 · DOI · PMC13684317
- Sia RI, Hammersley DJ. Arrhythmic Risk Stratification in Non-Ischaemic Cardiomyopathy: The Role of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging. . 2026. PMID 42909737 · DOI · PMC13694365
- Sun Q, Bian D. Association of admission aggregate index of systemic inflammation with lower-extremity deep vein thrombosis after severe trauma. . 2026. PMID 42905779 · DOI · PMC13686453
- Vrotniakaite-Bajerciene K, Wang TF, Sabri E, Shorr R, Angelillo-Scherrer A, Le Gal G, et al.. Recurrent VTE in patients with thrombophilia after stopping anticoagulation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Blood Adv. 2026. PMID 42448302 · DOI · PMC13631601
- Dremel J, Rücker V, Badel C, Ziebart A, Vlak M, Hetjens S, et al.. Prevalence of unruptured intracranial aneurysms according to comorbidities, risk factors, country, and time period: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol. 2026. PMID 42679840 · DOI
- Alnajashi H, Almohammed HAJ, Morad AS, Bin Saddiq BW, Kushara KF, Khan TN, et al.. MRI features of parenchymal neuro-Behçet's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Neurol. 2026. PMID 42687938 · DOI · PMC13533666
- Patel S, Nischal SA, Kale KM, Gooch MR, Tjoumakaris SI, Jabbour PM. Intravenous Thrombolysis Beyond the Conventional Time Window for Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2026. PMID 42560675 · DOI · PMC13448797
- Palaiodimou L, Papageorgiou NM, Romoli M, Theodorou A, Stefanou MI, Lemmens R, et al.. IV Thrombolysis in the Extended Time Window for Acute Ischemic Stroke: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Neurology. 2026. PMID 42492020 · DOI
- Zhao L, Meng J, Li J, Liu C, Yang Y, Wu Y, et al.. Efficacy of DPP-4 Inhibitors on Seated and Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2026. PMID 42454434 · DOI · PMC13538814
About this article
- Sources
- NLM Medical Subject Headings (definition, synonyms); NCBI PubMed (counts, identifiers); Europe PMC (open-access abstracts and citation counts).
- Verification
- Every reference was resolved against PubMed on 2026-10-31; title, year and DOI matched.
- Review state
- automated source verified; no human expert review has been recorded yet.
- Version
- 1, last updated 2026-10-29.
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Evidence strength
EvidenceHelix's computed view of the study designs behind this topic: how common meta-analyses, randomized trials and reviews are, how recent the literature is, and a plain-language reading. It describes the design mix of the literature. It is not a quality appraisal of any study, and it is not medical advice.