Definition and research guide
This page combines a MeSH definition, publication statistics and selected research abstracts. It is a starting point for reading the literature, not a medical textbook or a systematic evidence review.
Content available: 3 complete abstracts (711 words), 9 references. Full article text is not stored or reproduced here; follow the PMID, DOI or PMC links to read the original sources and their access terms.
Definition
The movement and the forces involved in the movement of the blood through the cardiovascular system.
Definition: NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) scope note (Public domain (U.S. National Library of Medicine); attribution requested). View the MeSH record.
Also known as: Hemodynamic.
Where it fits in the MeSH classification
- Broader topics
- Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena
- Narrower topics
- Atrial Pressure; Baroreflex; Blood Pressure; Blood Volume; Cardiac Output; Cardiac Volume; Global Longitudinal Strain; Heart Rate; Heart Sounds; Hemorheology; Kallikrein-Kinin System; Pulse; Renin-Angiotensin System; Valsalva Maneuver
Related concepts
- Cardiovascular System
Research landscape
PubMed indexes 775,988 records tagged with the MeSH heading “Hemodynamics” (counts retrieved 2026-10-29). 97,440 of them (12.6%) were published from 2020 onward, and the busiest period so far is through 1999 with 367,080 records.
Reviews account for 65,850 records (8.5%) and meta-analyses for 6,333. Randomized controlled trials number 50,285 (6.5%) as a share of all records on the topic.
Show the data
| Period | Records |
|---|---|
| through 1999 | 367,080 |
| 2000-2009 | 143,012 |
| 2010-2019 | 168,456 |
| 2020 onward | 97,440 |
Publication-type chart data
| Type | Records | Share |
|---|---|---|
| Reviews | 65,850 | 8.5% |
| Meta-analyses | 6,333 | 0.8% |
| Randomized controlled trials | 50,285 | 6.5% |
Method: PubMed query "Hemodynamics"[MeSH Terms] with publication-type and date filters, retrieved 2026-10-29.
Reading the evidence in cardiovascular medicine
Cardiovascular medicine has an unusually large body of randomized trials, so the type of outcome matters: hard clinical events such as death, heart attack and stroke carry more weight than changes in blood pressure, cholesterol or imaging markers that only predict risk. Observational studies can show associations but are confounded by age, lifestyle and other illness. Check whether a result is about prevention or treatment, the baseline risk of participants, and the absolute rather than only the relative size of any benefit.
Evidence from open-access studies
These open-access studies come from PubMed’s best-match results for this heading (papers whose main topic it is), ranked here by citation count, with one recent addition. Each abstract is reproduced in full under its recorded open licence so that you can read the authors’ own words. They illustrate the literature; they are not a systematic summary of it. Citation counts measure attention, not reliability or clinical benefit.
| Study / authors | Year | Source label / design | Europe PMC citations | Licence / source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Molecular Disambiguation of Heart Rate Control by the Nucleus Ambiguus | 2026 | Research article Design not recorded in structured metadata | 2 | cc by PMID 42736025 · DOI · PMC13689988 |
| Myeloid Cell Expansion Propels Right Ventricular Dysfunction in HFpEF Through Sterile Inflammation | 2026 | Research article Design not recorded in structured metadata | 1 | cc by PMID 42610249 · DOI · PMC7619445 |
| The Stress of Being Left Out: Physiological and Behavioral Responses to Ostracism in Preverbal Infants | 2026 | Research article Design not recorded in structured metadata | 1 | cc by PMID 42778973 · DOI · PMC13601642 |
Molecular Disambiguation of Heart Rate Control by the Nucleus Ambiguus [1]
Abstract reading summary — source excerpts
- Opening excerpt
- The nucleus ambiguus (nAmb) provides parasympathetic control of cardiorespiratory functions as well as motor control of the upper airways and esophagus.
- Closing excerpt
- These results together reveal the molecular organization of nAmb neurons and its control of the heart rate.
- Interpretation limits
- Verbatim excerpts from the authors’ abstract; the closing excerpt may describe a finding, limitation or recommendation. Design, population, effect size and uncertainty have not been independently extracted or appraised. Read the complete abstract and linked paper before interpreting the findings.
Read complete abstract (175 words)
The nucleus ambiguus (nAmb) provides parasympathetic control of cardiorespiratory functions as well as motor control of the upper airways and esophagus. A subset of nAmb neurons innervates the heart through the vagus nerve to control cardiac function at rest and during key autonomic reflexes such as the mammalian diving reflex. Yet, how these cardiovagal nAmb neurons differ from other nAmb neurons in the adult brain remains unclear. We therefore classified adult male and female mouse nAmb neurons molecularly, anatomically, and functionally. First, our integrated analysis of single-nucleus RNA-sequencing data predicted multiple molecular subtypes of nAmb neurons. Mapping the axon projections of one nAmb neuron subtype, Npy2r-expressing nAmb neurons, showed that they innervate cardiac ganglia but not the upper airways or esophagus. Chemogenetically stimulating Npy2r + nAmb neurons robustly decreased heart rate through peripheral muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Finally, voluntary underwater diving decreases heart rate and activates Npy2r + nAmb neurons, consistent with a cardiovagal function for this nAmb subtype. These results together reveal the molecular organization of nAmb neurons and its control of the heart rate.
Abstract reproduced from the open-access article under the recorded cc by licence; © the authors. PMID 42736025 · DOI · PMC13689988
Myeloid Cell Expansion Propels Right Ventricular Dysfunction in HFpEF Through Sterile Inflammation [2]
Abstract reading summary — source excerpts
- Opening excerpt
- BackgroundThe role of leukocytes in the pathogenesis of right ventricular (RV) dysfunction (RVD) associated with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) remains poorly defined, partially due to the lack of suitable small animal models.
- Closing excerpt
- ConclusionsWe demonstrate that dysregulated myeloid cell dynamics are associated with, and directly contribute to, the pathogenesis of RVD associated with HFpEF in humans and mice.
- Interpretation limits
- Verbatim excerpts from the authors’ abstract; the closing excerpt may describe a finding, limitation or recommendation. Design, population, effect size and uncertainty have not been independently extracted or appraised. Read the complete abstract and linked paper before interpreting the findings.
Read complete abstract (358 words)
BackgroundThe role of leukocytes in the pathogenesis of right ventricular (RV) dysfunction (RVD) associated with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) remains poorly defined, partially due to the lack of suitable small animal models. Here, we followed a translational research approach by establishing a murine HFpEF model developing manifest RVD and analyzed human HFpEF cohorts to study the mechanistic link between leukocytes and RVD in HFpEF.MethodsYoung (80-week-old) male and female C57BL/6J mice were divided into 4 experimental groups: chow, HFpEF (L-NAME [Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester] plus a high-fat diet), chronic hypoxia (10% O2), and HFpEF plus hypoxia (RV-HFpEF). Biventricular function and myeloid cell dynamics were assessed across groups. To test whether myeloid cells are causally involved in the development of RV remodeling in HFpEF, we treated RV-HFpEF mice with a colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor inhibitor to deplete myeloid cells.ResultsRV-HFpEF resulted in left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, indicated by increased E/E' ratio, reduced global longitudinal peak strain, smaller end-diastolic diameters, and increased isovolumetric relaxation time compared with chow. RV-HFpEF animals developed RV hypertrophy and RVD, evident as increased Fulton index as well as elevated RV systolic pressure and reduced tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, respectively. Total leukocyte, monocyte, and macrophage counts were elevated in RV tissue from RV-HFpEF mice compared with RV tissue from chow mice and left ventricular tissue from young and aged RV-HFpEF animals. These findings were confirmed by unbiased proteomic analyses of RV tissue from RV-HFpEF mice, demonstrating an increased abundance of proteins involved in activation of the innate immune system, macrophage chemotaxis, and leukocyte migration when compared with left ventricular tissue and the other experimental groups. Fate-mapping experiments revealed that recruited monocyte-derived macrophages became the main source of total cardiac macrophages in RV tissue from RV-HFpEF mice. Depletion of myeloid cells was associated with lower RVSP profiles in RV-HFpEF mice compared with controls. In RV biopsies from patients with HFpEF, we found increased expression of adhesion molecules, fibrotic markers, and inflammatory transcripts, as well as an association between RVD and CD68+ cells.ConclusionsWe demonstrate that dysregulated myeloid cell dynamics are associated with, and directly contribute to, the pathogenesis of RVD associated with HFpEF in humans and mice.
Abstract reproduced from the open-access article under the recorded cc by licence; © the authors. PMID 42610249 · DOI · PMC7619445
The Stress of Being Left Out: Physiological and Behavioral Responses to Ostracism in Preverbal Infants [3]
Abstract reading summary — source excerpts
- Opening excerpt
- Being ostracized is a stressful experience that affects behavioral and physiological reactivity in adults.
- Closing excerpt
- Overall, these findings highlight that, since early life, infants exhibit physiological and behavioral reactions to ostracism, in line with the hypotheses that a system to detect and respond to social exclusion is present since the early stages of development.
- Interpretation limits
- Verbatim excerpts from the authors’ abstract; the closing excerpt may describe a finding, limitation or recommendation. Design, population, effect size and uncertainty have not been independently extracted or appraised. Read the complete abstract and linked paper before interpreting the findings.
Read complete abstract (178 words)
Being ostracized is a stressful experience that affects behavioral and physiological reactivity in adults. However, evidence regarding its impact early in life remains limited. This study investigated whether inclusion or exclusion during a ball-tossing game influenced physiological and behavioral reactivity in 8-month-old infants (N = 59; 24 girls and 35 boys). It also explored whether parent-infant interaction dynamics and parental mind-attuned comments modulate infants' physiological responses, fostering greater adaptation to the social context. Results highlighted that excluded infants showed reduced heart rate variability (indexed via the Root Mean Square of Successive Differences, RMSSD), reflecting a heightened stress response, compared to included infants. They also displayed lower positive emotionality, higher negative emotionality, and greater active engagement, suggesting that sensitivity to ostracism emerges early in life. Exploratory analyses also revealed a modulatory role of parental behavior in shaping infants' physiological responses. Overall, these findings highlight that, since early life, infants exhibit physiological and behavioral reactions to ostracism, in line with the hypotheses that a system to detect and respond to social exclusion is present since the early stages of development.
Abstract reproduced from the open-access article under the recorded cc by licence; © the authors. PMID 42778973 · DOI · PMC13601642
Key reviews and meta-analyses
The most cited review-type papers among PubMed’s best-match results for this heading, listed with bibliographic details only. Follow the links for the full text and access terms.
- Research article β blockers after myocardial infarction with mildly reduced ejection fraction: an individual patient data meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials [4]
- Research article Beta-Blockers after Myocardial Infarction with Normal Ejection Fraction [5]
- Research article Efficacy of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Patients With Heart Failure and Mildly Reduced or Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [6]
- Research article Blood pressure-lowering efficacy of antihypertensive drugs and their combinations: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials [7]
- Research article Effectiveness of DASH Diet versus Other Diet Modalities in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [8]
- Research article The Effect of Antioxidant Polyphenol Supplementation on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [9]
References
- Jalil M, MacMillan MK, Coverdell TC, Gutierrez VA, Crook ME, Heinrichs TJ, et al.. Molecular Disambiguation of Heart Rate Control by the Nucleus Ambiguus. . 2026. PMID 42736025 · DOI · PMC13689988
- Jaeschke L, Koçana C, Chitroceanu AM, Winkler A, Kleitke H, Fahjen P, et al.. Myeloid Cell Expansion Propels Right Ventricular Dysfunction in HFpEF Through Sterile Inflammation. . 2026. PMID 42610249 · DOI · PMC7619445
- Basset G, Quadrelli E, Turati C, Bulf H. The Stress of Being Left Out: Physiological and Behavioral Responses to Ostracism in Preverbal Infants. . 2026. PMID 42778973 · DOI · PMC13601642
- Rossello X, Prescott EIB, Kristensen AMD, Latini R, Fuster V, Fagerland MW, et al.. β blockers after myocardial infarction with mildly reduced ejection fraction: an individual patient data meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Lancet. 2025. PMID 40897190 · DOI
- Kristensen AMD, Rossello X, Atar D, Yndigegn T, Kimura T, Latini R, et al.. Beta-Blockers after Myocardial Infarction with Normal Ejection Fraction. N Engl J Med. 2026. PMID 41211954 · DOI
- Waqas SA, Sohail MU, Sohail MU, Saad M, Minhas AMK, Greene SJ, et al.. Efficacy of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Patients With Heart Failure and Mildly Reduced or Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Card Fail. 2025. PMID 39993464 · DOI
- Wang N, Salam A, Pant R, Kumar A, Dhurjati R, Haghdoost F, et al.. Blood pressure-lowering efficacy of antihypertensive drugs and their combinations: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. Lancet. 2025. PMID 40885583 · DOI
- Valenzuela-Fuenzalida JJ, Bravo VS, Valarezo LM, Delgado Retamal MF, Leiva JM, Bruna-Mejías A, et al.. Effectiveness of DASH Diet versus Other Diet Modalities in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 2024. PMID 39339654 · DOI · PMC11434995
- Wan S, Luo J, Zhu Y, An P, Luo Y, Xing Q. The Effect of Antioxidant Polyphenol Supplementation on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 2024. PMID 39683599 · DOI · PMC11644654
About this article
- Sources
- NLM Medical Subject Headings (definition, synonyms); NCBI PubMed (counts, identifiers); Europe PMC (open-access abstracts and citation counts).
- Verification
- Every reference was resolved against PubMed on 2026-10-31; title, year and DOI matched.
- Review state
- automated source verified; no human expert review has been recorded yet.
- Version
- 1, last updated 2026-10-29.
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Evidence strength
EvidenceHelix's computed view of the study designs behind this topic: how common meta-analyses, randomized trials and reviews are, how recent the literature is, and a plain-language reading. It describes the design mix of the literature. It is not a quality appraisal of any study, and it is not medical advice.