SOME BOOKS ON TREES AND FORESTRY Bouncer, Geo. 8. Wood. London: Longmans, 1902. $3.00 Dame, L. L. and Brooks, H. Trees of New England. Boston: Ginn, 1902. $1.50 Fernow, B. E. The Care of Shade Trees. New York: Holt, 1910. $2.00 Economics of Forestry. New York: Crowell, 1902. $1.50 Forest Service, U. 8. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Washington. Fox, W. F. and Hussarp, W.F. The Maple Sugar Industry. Bulletin No. 59. 1905. Free Graves, H.S. Practical Forestry in the Adirondacks. Bulletin No. 26. 1899. Free The Woodman’s Handbook. Bulletin No. 36. 1903. Free Graves, H. S. and Fisuer, R. T. The Woodlot. Bulletin No. 42. 1903. Free Herry, Cuarres F. A New Method of Turpentine Orcharding. Bulletin No. 40. 1904.Free Hvusearp, Wo. F. The Basket Willow. Bulletin No. 46. 1904. Free McCrarcuis, A. J. Euealypts Cultivated in the United States. Bulletin No. 35. 1902.
$1.00 Pincuot, Girrorp. A Primer of Forestry. Part I — The Forest. 35 cents; Part Il — PracticalForestry.30cents Roru, F. Timber: an Elementary Treatise on the Characteristics and Properties of Wood. Bulletin No. 10. 1895. Free SHERFESEE, W. F. Wood preservation in the United States. Bulletin No. 78. 1909 Supwortnx, Geo. B. Check List of Forest Trees of the United States. Bulletin No. 17. 1898.15cents Forest Influences. Bulletin No. 7. 1892. Reprinted, 1902. 15 cents A Short Account of the Big Trees of California. Bulletin No. 28. 1900. 10 cents First, H. The Protection of Woodlands (John Nisbet trans.) New York: Jenkins, 1893. $3.50 Graves, H. 8S. Forest Mensuration. New York: Wiley, 1906. $4.00 GREEN, 8. B. Principles of American Forestry. New York: Wiley, 1903. $1.50 HovuGu, R. B. Handbook of Trees of the Northern States and Canada. New York: Hough, 1907. $6.00 Marsu, G. P. The Earth as Modified by Human Action. New York: Scribners, 1898. $3.50 Parkuurst, H. E. Trees, Shrubs and Vines of the Northeastern United States. New York: Seribners, 1903. $1.50. (Gives the trees of Central Park, New York) Rotu, F. A First Book of Forestry. Boston: Ginn, 1902. 75 cents SarRGENT, C. 8S. Manual of the Trees of North America. Cambridge: Riverside Press, 1905. $6.00 The Silva of North America. Cambridge: Riverside Press, 1891-1902. 14 vols. $350 ScuuticnH, Wm. Manual of Forestry. London: Bradbury, Agnew. 1894-1902. 5 vols. $17.20 Scuwappacu, A. Forestry. New York: Macmillan, 1905. 50 cents Snow, C. H. Principal Species of Wood. New York: Wiley, 1903. $3.50 StToNE, Hersert. The Timbers of Commerce. London: Rider, 1904. $3.00 Van Hise, C. R. Conservation of Natural Resources in the United States. New York: Macemillan, 1910. $2.00
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TREES AND FORESTRY PREPARED FOR USE WITH THE JESUP COLLECTION OF NorvtH AMERICAN Woops INTRODUCTION HE Morris K. Jesup Collection of North American Trees, in the Forestry Hall of the American Museum of Natural History, is designed for the student, artisan and forester, and for the man commercially interested in woods, as well as for those who enjoy familiarity with the woodland and wish to increase their enjoyment by extending their familiarity.
The collection was begun by Mr. Jesup in 1880, and throughout his presidency of twenty-seven years, it received his constant attention. Indeed. in its completeness and attractiveness, its scientific correctness and educational value, it is a splendid example of what he desired an exhibition in a scientific and educational institution to be. In its now practically perfected condition, it displays in related groups or families more than five hundred species of the trees of North America. Each tree is represented by a section of trunk 5 feet high, cut lengthwise radially 24 feet, the cut surface showing the color and graining of the quartered lumber in its natural and polished state (see Figs. 2, 5, 6 and 42). Also for the more common trees, there is a separate piece of the wood which may be handled and tested for lightness, softness, resonance, odor and other qualities.
One of the most remarkable features of the collection lies in its accompanying models of tree leaves, flowers and fruits (see Cover and Figs. 1, 2,5, 6 and 42). So perfectly are the representations executed that it is often impossible to discover even by careful scrutiny how much may be original and how much reproduced. ‘There are flowers of the decorative magnolias, of basswood interesting to bee keepers, curious fruits of sassafras, persimmon, and Osage orange, autumn foliage of oak, sweet gum and sumach.
This leaflet is designed to accompany the Jesup Collection of Woods, emphasizing its great commercial value by adding practical suggestions for the growth of trees. It presents the status of the forest conservation question in the year 1910.
10 FIG. 2, FLOWERING DOGWOOD (Cornus florida LINN.)
New England to Florida, westward to Minnesota and Texas. Wood, often ealled boxwood, unusually heavy, tough, strong and hard, receiving high polish, suitable for use In carving, engraving. turnery and for bearings of machinery; used largely for shuttles in the textile industry. Forestry Hall, Case 5, 7
TREES AND FORESTRY 1] i) ini oO v=!
yg €3 Ur GH nner Bark (Bast) FIG. 3. STRUCTURE OF A TREE TRUNK ONE YEAR OLD It is a series of cylinders one within another. The cambium is the living part FIG. 4. KEY TO SUCCESS IN GRAFTING The living cambium of the “scion” must join exactly and become continuous with the living cambium of the “stock,” or the process will not be successful STRUCTURE AND LIFE OF A TREE TREE is an individual and as such it is alive, with parts dividing the labor pertaining to life and coéperating for the good of the whole; but, on the other hand, a tree has only a small fraction of its great mass made up of living substance. When very young, it consists entirely of living substance; but long before one year has passed it contains a large accumulation of dead material the great bulk of which is “wood,” filling up and making strong the trunk, branches and roots.
The one-year old trunk, examined from the central axis to the outside, has a definite structure as follows: (1) a rod of pith, (2) a cylinder of wood embracing the pith, (3) a cylinder of inner bark (bast), thinner-walled than the wood evlinder and embracing it, and outside of these, (4) an enfolding cylinder of bark (Fig. 3). All send off parts to right and left into the leaves and, after the first year, into the branches. The living part, called the cambium, a living cylinder of scarcely appreciable thickness, lies between the wood and the inner bark. It is easy to understand why, in grafting, the living layer of the branch to be attached must be made to join exactly and become continuous with the living layer of the branch which is to receive it, or the grafting will not be successful (Fig. 4).
Each year this living cylinder of
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12 FIG. 5. WILD PLUM (Prunus americana MARSH) New York to Texas and Colorado. Good stock on which less hardy varieties are grafted. Wood heavy, hard, strong and close-grained. Forestry Hall, Case D,10
FIG, 6. OSAGE ORANGE, ILLUSTRATING ‘HEARTWOOD" AND ‘SAPWOOD” 13 The formation of the heartwood follows very rapidly on the growth of sapwood so that the latter is only a narrow layer of lighter wood next the bark. The cambium and inner bark are too narrow to be defined in the photograph. Forestry Hall, Case F, 20 (ToxylonpomiferumRaf.)
14 AMERICAN MUSEUM GUIDE LEAFLETS cambium produces new wood everywhere on its inner surface (living material while forming, non-living when formed), a cylinder of new wood enfolding immediately the wood of the year before (Fig. 7). Wood never lengthens after once formed, so a #h trunk grows in height only by additions P from living buds at the top (Fig. 8), but a tree grows in diameter annually by just the thickness of the new cylinder of wood (a ring of wood when seen at the end). The thickness of the annual layer in any species depends on the length of the growing season in the given region and on the age of the tree, those wood cylinders formed in early ale. life being relatively PS EMlSRE 6 later ones successively more and more thin-walled. A further fact is true, however, and to be remembered in economic tree planting, that the diameter increase of any tree is always immediately dependent on its growing space, on soil, light and other conditions of the surroundings, factors which to a large _“Two years r == Vi extent we can control.
old This method of growth places the older wood as “heartwood”’ in the center of the i ) ib ia.
trunk, while the younger wood, called “sapwood,” is outside of this. Heartwood and sapwood may differ in weight and in color, since the heartwood is likely to be a storehouse for coloring matter, or gummy, resinous or mineral substances which have come into the tree from the soil or are the waste from yital processes. Heartwood is more durable than sapwood because it does not often contain starch or other organic matter, and therefore is less liable to the PilGiadv. WHITE ASH TWIG , Cross section to show rings of attacks of insects and to the growth of the weod, corresponding to the cylir- organisms that cause decay, also on its ders of wood in the twig. Com- change from sapwood depositions — of pare wih Tees material more or less antiseptic take place, Trees in which the formation of heartwood does not follow rapidly on the growth of sapwood are the oaks, elms, walnuts and pines. Some trees