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Biology 2e · Phylogenies and the History of Life

Introduction

CC BY 4.0 · OpenStax · approximately 1 min read

Learning objectives

View original figure (external; image not reproduced in this text edition)

Original figure description: Photo shows a bee collecting nectar from a flower.

A bee's life is very different from a flower's, but the two organisms are related. Both are members of the domain Eukarya and have cells containing many similar organelles, genes, and proteins. (credit: modification of work by John Beetham)

This bee and Echinacea flower (fig-ch20_00_01) could not look more different, yet they are related, as are all living organisms on Earth. By following pathways of similarities and changes—both visible and genetic—scientists seek to map the evolutionary past of how life developed from single-celled organisms to the tremendous collection of creatures that have germinated, crawled, floated, swum, flown, and walked on this planet.

← Adaptive EvolutionOrganizing Life on Earth →

Attribution. Biology 2e, OpenStax, Rice University, and the contributing authors credited in the book. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International. Source revision d2779c2edf of openstax/osbooks-biology-bundle (2026-02-03). CC BY 4.0. Original source ↗. Text edition of a pinned CC BY 4.0 source revision of the OpenStax book, converted from CNXML by the EvidenceHelix importer. Original prose, learning objectives, tables, exercises, glossary and captions are preserved; images are not copied (figures link to the original source and keep their credits). No new content was added. Later revisions of this book can carry different licence terms and are not used.

In this chapter Contents

  • Introduction
  • Organizing Life on Earth
  • Determining Evolutionary Relationships
  • Perspectives on the Phylogenetic Tree

Source

OpenStax source file ↗

Illustrated original ↗

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