Definition and research guide
This page combines a MeSH definition, publication statistics and selected research abstracts. It is a starting point for reading the literature, not a medical textbook or a systematic evidence review.
Content available: 4 complete abstracts (771 words), 10 references. Full article text is not stored or reproduced here; follow the PMID, DOI or PMC links to read the original sources and their access terms.
Definition
An amino sugar formed when glucose non-enzymatically reacts with the N-terminal amino group of proteins. The fructose moiety is derived from glucose by the classical Amadori rearrangement.
Definition: NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) scope note (Public domain (U.S. National Library of Medicine); attribution requested). View the MeSH record.
Also known as: D-Isoglucosamine; D Isoglucosamine.
Where it fits in the MeSH classification
- Broader topics
- Hexosamines
Research landscape
PubMed indexes 1,674 records tagged with the MeSH heading “Fructosamine” (counts retrieved 2026-10-31). 162 of them (9.7%) were published from 2020 onward, and the busiest period so far is through 1999 with 857 records.
Reviews account for 84 records (5.0%) and meta-analyses for 8. Randomized controlled trials number 139 (8.3%) as a share of all records on the topic. Randomized trials make up a comparatively large share of this literature, which means many treatment questions have been tested directly.
Show the data
| Period | Records |
|---|---|
| through 1999 | 857 |
| 2000-2009 | 356 |
| 2010-2019 | 299 |
| 2020 onward | 162 |
Publication-type chart data
| Type | Records | Share |
|---|---|---|
| Reviews | 84 | 5.0% |
| Meta-analyses | 8 | 0.5% |
| Randomized controlled trials | 139 | 8.3% |
Method: PubMed query "Fructosamine"[MeSH Terms] with publication-type and date filters, retrieved 2026-10-31.
Reading the evidence in drugs and chemicals
Studies of a chemical or drug can answer very different questions: what it is and how it behaves in cells and animals, how the body handles it, and whether it changes outcomes in people. Laboratory and animal findings often do not carry over to patients, and observational studies of exposures are confounded by who uses a substance and why. Nothing on this page is a recommendation to use, avoid, start or stop any substance or medicine; talk to a qualified clinician or pharmacist about your own situation. Check the dose, the species, the comparison group and whether a patient-relevant outcome was measured.
Evidence from open-access studies
These open-access studies come from PubMed’s best-match results for this heading (papers whose main topic it is), ranked here by citation count, with one recent addition. Each abstract is reproduced in full under its recorded open licence so that you can read the authors’ own words. They illustrate the literature; they are not a systematic summary of it. Citation counts measure attention, not reliability or clinical benefit.
Production of butyrate from lysine and the Amadori product fructoselysine by a human gut commensal [1]
Abstract reading summary — source excerpts
- Opening excerpt
- Human intestinal bacteria produce butyrate, which has signalling properties and can be used as energy source by enterocytes thus influencing colonic health.
- Closing excerpt
- Our results indicate that protein can serve as a source of butyrate in the human colon, and its conversion by Intestinimonas AF211 and related butyrogens may protect the host from the undesired side effects of Amadori reaction products.
- Interpretation limits
- Verbatim excerpts from the authors’ abstract; the closing excerpt may describe a finding, limitation or recommendation. Design, population, effect size and uncertainty have not been independently extracted or appraised. Read the complete abstract and linked paper before interpreting the findings.
Read complete abstract (166 words)
Human intestinal bacteria produce butyrate, which has signalling properties and can be used as energy source by enterocytes thus influencing colonic health. However, the pathways and the identity of bacteria involved in this process remain unclear. Here we describe the isolation from the human intestine of Intestinimonas strain AF211, a bacterium that can convert lysine stoichiometrically into butyrate and acetate when grown in a synthetic medium. Intestinimonas AF211 also converts the Amadori product fructoselysine, which is abundantly formed in heated foods via the Maillard reaction, into butyrate. The butyrogenic pathway includes a specific CoA transferase that is overproduced during growth on lysine. Bacteria related to Intestinimonas AF211 as well as the genetic coding capacity for fructoselysine conversion are abundantly present in colonic samples from some healthy human subjects. Our results indicate that protein can serve as a source of butyrate in the human colon, and its conversion by Intestinimonas AF211 and related butyrogens may protect the host from the undesired side effects of Amadori reaction products.
Abstract reproduced from the open-access article under the recorded cc by licence; © the authors. PMID 26620920 · DOI · PMC4697335
Fructosamine is a useful indicator of hyperglycaemia and glucose control in clinical and epidemiological studies--cross-sectional and longitudinal experience from the AMORIS cohort [2]
Abstract reading summary — source excerpts
- Opening excerpt
- ContextFructosamine is a glycemic biomarker which may be useful for indication and control of diabetes respectively.
- Closing excerpt
- ConclusionsFructosamine is closely associated with HbA1c and glucose respectively and may be a useful biomarker of hyperglycaemia and glucose control in clinical and epidemiological studies.
- Interpretation limits
- Verbatim excerpts from the authors’ abstract; the closing excerpt may describe a finding, limitation or recommendation. Design, population, effect size and uncertainty have not been independently extracted or appraised. Read the complete abstract and linked paper before interpreting the findings.
Read complete abstract (241 words)
ContextFructosamine is a glycemic biomarker which may be useful for indication and control of diabetes respectively.ObjectiveThe objective of the study was to evaluate fructosamine as an indicator of hyperglycaemia and glucose control in subjects with diabetes.Design, setting & patientsFrom the AMORIS cohort, subjects with serum glucose, fructosamine and HbA1c from the same examination were studied cross-sectionally and longitudinally (n = 10,987; 5,590 overnight-fasting). The guidelines of the American Diabetes Association were followed for classification of prediabetes and diabetes. Separate analyses were performed in patients with a newly detected or a known diagnosis of type 1 or type 2 diabetes respectively.ResultsAll three biomarkers were strongly correlated. With regard to the association between fructosamine and HbA1c Pearson linear correlation coefficients in the range of 0.67-0.75 were observed in fasting and non-fasting subjects with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Analyses of glucose control in fasting patients with type 2 diabetes having all three biomarkers measured at three separate occasions within on average 290 days of the index examination showed similar trends over time for glucose, fructosamine and HbA1c. Discrimination of subjects with and without diabetes across the range of fructosamine levels was good (area under curve (AUC) 0.91-0.95) and a fructosamine level of 2.5 mmol/L classified subjects to diabetes with a sensitivity of 61% and a specificity of 97%.ConclusionsFructosamine is closely associated with HbA1c and glucose respectively and may be a useful biomarker of hyperglycaemia and glucose control in clinical and epidemiological studies.
Abstract reproduced from the open-access article under the recorded cc by licence; © the authors. PMID 25353659 · DOI · PMC4213035
Glycosylated hemoglobin and albumin-corrected fructosamine are good indicators for glycemic control in peritoneal dialysis patients [3]
Abstract reading summary — source excerpts
- Opening excerpt
- PurposeDiabetes mellitus (DM) is the most common cause of end-stage renal disease and is an important risk factor for morbidity and mortality after dialysis.
- Closing excerpt
- Icodextrin dialysate seems to have a favorable glycemic control effect when compared to the other glucose-containing dialysates.
- Interpretation limits
- Verbatim excerpts from the authors’ abstract; the closing excerpt may describe a finding, limitation or recommendation. Design, population, effect size and uncertainty have not been independently extracted or appraised. Read the complete abstract and linked paper before interpreting the findings.
Read complete abstract (175 words)
PurposeDiabetes mellitus (DM) is the most common cause of end-stage renal disease and is an important risk factor for morbidity and mortality after dialysis. However, glycemic control among such patients is difficult to assess. The present study examined glycemic control parameters and observed glucose variation after refilling different kinds of fresh dialysate in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients.MethodsA total of 25 DM PD patients were recruited, and continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) was applied to measure interstitial fluid (ISF) glucose levels at 5-min intervals for 3 days. Patients filled out diet and PD fluid exchange diaries. The records measured with CGMS were analyzed and correlated with other glycemic control parameters such as fructosamine, albumin-corrected fructosamine (AlbF), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and glycated albumin levels.ResultsThere were significant correlations between mean ISF glucose and fructosamine (r = 0.45, PConclusionHbA1c and AlbF significantly correlated with the mean ISF glucose levels, indicating that they are reliable indices of glycemic control in DM PD patients. Icodextrin dialysate seems to have a favorable glycemic control effect when compared to the other glucose-containing dialysates.
Abstract reproduced from the open-access article under the recorded cc by licence; © the authors. PMID 23469230 · DOI · PMC3587617
A Study of the Relationship Between Serum Albumin-Corrected Fructosamine and Type 2 Diabetic Retinopathy [4]
Abstract reading summary — source excerpts
- Opening excerpt
- ObjectiveTo examine the association between albumin-corrected fructosamine (AlbF) levels and the presence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in adults with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
- Closing excerpt
- Its potential clinical utility requires validation in larger prospective studies.
- Interpretation limits
- Verbatim excerpts from the authors’ abstract; the closing excerpt may describe a finding, limitation or recommendation. Design, population, effect size and uncertainty have not been independently extracted or appraised. Read the complete abstract and linked paper before interpreting the findings.
Read complete abstract (189 words)
ObjectiveTo examine the association between albumin-corrected fructosamine (AlbF) levels and the presence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in adults with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).MethodsThis cross-sectional study retrospectively analyzed 1263 inpatients with T2DM. After applying exclusion criteria, 415 patients were included and categorized into DR (n = 174) and non-DR (n = 241) groups based on fundus examination. The association between the AlbF-analyzed both continuously (per 10 μmol/g increment) and categorically (by tertiles)-and DR was assessed using multivariable logistic regression with progressive adjustment for sociodemographic, clinical, and laboratory confounders. Supplementary analyses, including receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve assessment and interaction testing across predefined subgroups, evaluated the association's robustness and consistency.ResultsThe prevalence of DR was 41.9%. Following full adjustment, each 10 μmol/g increment in AlbF was associated with higher odds of having DR (adjusted OR = 1.88, 95% CI: 1.36-2.60; p p for trend p for interaction > 0.05 for all).ConclusionsElevated AlbF was independently associated with the presence of DR in adults with T2DM, demonstrating a significant dose-response relationship. AlbF shows promise as a biomarker candidate for DR identification and stratification. Its potential clinical utility requires validation in larger prospective studies.
Abstract reproduced from the open-access article under the recorded cc by licence; © the authors. PMID 41640698 · DOI · PMC12865125
Key reviews and meta-analyses
The most cited review-type papers among PubMed’s best-match results for this heading, listed with bibliographic details only. Follow the links for the full text and access terms.
- Research article Advantages and pitfalls of fructosamine and glycated albumin in the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes [5]
- Research article Beyond HbA1c and glucose: the role of nontraditional glycemic markers in diabetes diagnosis, prognosis, and management [6]
- Research article Dietary fructose and glucose differentially affect lipid and glucose homeostasis [7]
- Research article HbA1c, Fructosamine, and Glycated Albumin in the Detection of Dysglycaemic Conditions [8]
- Research article 1-Amino-1-deoxy-D-fructose ("fructosamine") and its derivatives [9]
- Research article Frequency of HbA1c discordance in estimating blood glucose control [10]
References
- Bui TP, Ritari J, Boeren S, de Waard P, Plugge CM, de Vos WM. Production of butyrate from lysine and the Amadori product fructoselysine by a human gut commensal. . 2015. PMID 26620920 · DOI · PMC4697335
- Malmström H, Walldius G, Grill V, Jungner I, Gudbjörnsdottir S, Hammar N. Fructosamine is a useful indicator of hyperglycaemia and glucose control in clinical and epidemiological studies--cross-sectional and longitudinal experience from the AMORIS cohort. . 2014. PMID 25353659 · DOI · PMC4213035
- Lee SY, Chen YC, Tsai IC, Yen CJ, Chueh SN, Chuang HF, et al.. Glycosylated hemoglobin and albumin-corrected fructosamine are good indicators for glycemic control in peritoneal dialysis patients. . 2013. PMID 23469230 · DOI · PMC3587617
- Liu Z, Long Q, Song X, Guo Q, Li T, Wang H, et al.. A Study of the Relationship Between Serum Albumin-Corrected Fructosamine and Type 2 Diabetic Retinopathy. . 2026. PMID 41640698 · DOI · PMC12865125
- Danese E, Montagnana M, Nouvenne A, Lippi G. Advantages and pitfalls of fructosamine and glycated albumin in the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2015. PMID 25591856 · DOI · PMC4604592
- Parrinello CM, Selvin E. Beyond HbA1c and glucose: the role of nontraditional glycemic markers in diabetes diagnosis, prognosis, and management. Curr Diab Rep. 2014. PMID 25249070 · DOI · PMC4214073
- Schaefer EJ, Gleason JA, Dansinger ML. Dietary fructose and glucose differentially affect lipid and glucose homeostasis. J Nutr. 2009. PMID 19403705 · DOI · PMC2682989
- Ribeiro RT, Macedo MP, Raposo JF. HbA1c, Fructosamine, and Glycated Albumin in the Detection of Dysglycaemic Conditions. Curr Diabetes Rev. 2016. PMID 26126638 · DOI
- Mossine VV, Mawhinney TP. 1-Amino-1-deoxy-D-fructose ("fructosamine") and its derivatives. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem. 2010. PMID 20837201 · DOI
- Cohen RM, Smith EP. Frequency of HbA1c discordance in estimating blood glucose control. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2008. PMID 18542015 · DOI
About this article
- Sources
- NLM Medical Subject Headings (definition, synonyms); NCBI PubMed (counts, identifiers); Europe PMC (open-access abstracts and citation counts).
- Verification
- Every reference was resolved against PubMed on 2026-10-31; title, year and DOI matched.
- Review state
- automated source verified; no human expert review has been recorded yet.
- Version
- 1, last updated 2026-10-31.
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Evidence strength
EvidenceHelix's computed view of the study designs behind this topic: how common meta-analyses, randomized trials and reviews are, how recent the literature is, and a plain-language reading. It describes the design mix of the literature. It is not a quality appraisal of any study, and it is not medical advice.